Psychosocial

Question 1

Who developed Psychosocial Theory?

Answer 1

Erik Erikson

Question 2

Where did Erik Erikson grow up?

Answer 2

Frankfurt, Germany

Question 3

What brought Erikson to Vienna where Freud was?

Answer 3

Erikson was hired to teach art and other subjects to children of Americans who had come to Vienna for Freudian training

Question 4

How was Erikson admitted into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute?

Answer 4

Through his teaching job in Vienna

Question 5

What brought Erikson to America?

Answer 5

The facist movement

Erikson was Jewish

Question 6

What aspects of Freudian theory did Erikson agree with?

Answer 6

1. Psychosocial structures
2. Unconscious and Conscious
3. Drives
4. Psychosexual Stages
5. Normal-Abnormal continum
6. Psychoanalytic Methodology

Question 7

How did Erikson expand upon Psychoanalytic?

Answer 7

1. Developed a set of eight psychosocial stages covering the lifespan
2. Studying the development of identity
3. Developing methods that reach beyond the structured psychoanalytic setting with adults

Question 8

Example of how Erikson intergrated psychoanalytic with psychosocial:

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic: A toddler’s oral pleasure when making speech sounds

Psychosocial: the role of speech communication in shaping his relationship with his parents and significant others

Question 9

What is cogwheeling of life cycles?

Answer 9

An adult’s needs to become caretakers coincide with children’s needs for caretaking

Question 10

What psychoanalytic stage coincides with the psychosocial stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?

Answer 10

Oral-respiratory and sensory-kinesthetic

Question 11

What psychoanalytic stage coincides with the psychosocial stage of Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt?

Answer 11

Anal-urethral and muscular

Question 12

What psychoanalytic stage coincides with the psychosocial stage of Initiative vs. Guilt?

Answer 12

Infantile-genital and locomotor

Question 13

What psychoanalytic stage coincides with the psychosocial stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?

Answer 13

Latency

Question 14

What psychoanalytic stage coincides with the psychosocial stage of Identity and Repudiation vs. Identity Difussion?

Answer 14

Puberty

Question 15

What psychoanalytic stage coincides with the psychosocial stage of Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation?

Answer 15

Genitality

Question 16

Psychosocial Stages (in order):

Answer 16

1. Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
3. Initiative Versus Guilt (4-5 years)
4. Industry Versus Inferiority (6-Puberty)
5. Identity and Repudiation Versus Identity Diffusion (Adolescense)
6. Intimacy and Solidarity Versus Isolation (Young Adulthood)
7. Generativity Versus Stagnation and Self-Absorption (Middle Adulthood)
8. Integrity Versus Despair (Late Adulthood)

Question 17

Stage 1: Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (Birth-1 year)

Answer 17

Main task: aquire a favorable ration of trust to mistrust

Trust can predict that an infants mother will come back.

vs

Mistrust detects impending dangers or discomfort and discriminate between honest and dishonest persons.

Question 18

Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)

Answer 18

New neurological and muscular development

AND

anxiety over seperation from parents and pooping themselves

Question 19

Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt (4-5 Years)

Answer 19

Taking initiative, forming and carrying out goals, and competing

vs

severe conscience that punishes sexual fantasies and immoral thoughts or behavior

Question 20

Stage 4: Industry Versus Inferiority (6-Puberty)

Answer 20

Children are excited about knowledge and work (I am what I learn) and being successful

vs

Failure brings feelings of inadequacy and inferority

Question 21

Stage 5: Identity and Repudiation (truthfulness) Versus Identity Diffusion

(Adolescence)

Answer 21

Integrate the various identifications they bring from childhood into a more complete identity

vs

teenagers are trying out new identities through the identities of their different peer groups

Question 22

Stage 6: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation

(Young Adulthood)

Answer 22

Only if a well-intergrated identity emerges from Stage 5 can intimacy with others be possible

Intimacy and “us against them”

vs.

failed attempts at intimacy that lead to retreatment

Question 23

Stage 7: Generativity Versus Stagnation and Self-Absorption

(Middle Adulthood)

Answer 23

“Interest in establishing and guiding the next generation”

vs.

lack of generativity equals a lack in psychological growth

Question 24

Stage 8: Integrity Versus Despair

(Late Adulthood)

Answer 24

Have to live with what you built over lifetime, ideally integrity

vs.

Regret for what one has or has not done in lifetime

Question 25

How might psychosocial theory be applied in the real world?

Answer 25

Couselors draw on his work on adolescence to help young people **successfully make personal and occupational decisions**

Question 26

What was revolutionary about Erikson that influences today's work in development?

Answer 26

Erikson included the idea that **development continues** throughtout adult life.

Question 27

What is the focus of new contemporary research on Erikson's work?

Answer 27

**Emerging adulthood** Because more teens go to **college** now, this period is considered the time between **late teens and mid-twenties** that is characterized by teens entering into adult world

Question 28

What were the mechanisms (broad ideas) of development for Erikson?

Answer 28

**Physical maturation** writes the general timetable for development. Culture **nurtures or destroys** **Development** is the **resolution of conflict** at different stages

Question 29

What was the specific mechanism of development in Erikson's theory?

Answer 29

**Play**: imagination to try out ways of **mastering and adapting** to the world **Rituals**: bring humans in every stage into the cultural mainstream and provide **ready-made solutions** to problems

Question 30

What were Erikson's positions on developmental issues?

Answer 30

1. **Optimistic** view of human nature 2. **Contextualistic** worldview 3. Nature determines **sequence** of stages 4. Development is a **lifelong** process

Question 31

Strength of Psychosocial Theory:

Answer 31

1. Expansion of Psychoanalytic Theory 2. Broad Perspective given to children's behaviors

Question 32

Explain Erikson's Expansion of Psychoanalytic Theory:

Answer 32

Added: - psychosocial to the psychoanalytic - cutural to the biological - ego identity to the ego defenses - normal to the abnormal - cross-cultural to the culture-specific - child observations to adults' reconstructions from childhood - adult development to child development emphasis on cultural factors and life-span devleopment was especially important for Development as a field

Question 33

Explain Erikson's Broad Perspective of Psychoanalytic Theory:

Answer 33

Broad perspective he gives to children's behavior Behavior influenced by his: history, present situation, and the past and present history of his own culture and world

Question 34

Weakness of Erikson's Psychosocial:

Answer 34

1. Lack of Systematicity 2. Lack of Specific Mechanisms of Development

Question 35

Explain Erikson's Lack of Systematicity

Answer 35

1. Methodological inadequacies 2. Observations laden with interpretations

Question 36

Explain Erikson's Specific Mechanisms of Development:

Answer 36

1. No explanation of how a child moves from stage to stage 2. No explanation for how conflict is resolved in each stage