Psychosis, Culture & "Schizophrenia" Flashcards
Which studies reported greater favourable outcomes in developing countries as opposed to developed/industrialised societies?
Jablensky et al., 1992; Sartorius et al., 1996; WHO, 1973
Which prominent psychiatrists of the 19th century constructed the terms “dementia praecox” and “schizophrenia” respectively?
Emil Kraeplin (1893) & Eugen Bleuler (1911)
Modern psychiatry maintains the use of the term schizophrenia, which diagnostics manuals evidence this?
DSM V (APA, 2013); ICD-10 (WHO, 1992)
Which social psychologist argues that the prevalence of mental illness in “the West” can be attributed to the cultural dominance of individualism.
Geert Hofstede (1980) in “Culture’s Consequences”
The Open Dialogue approach has seen huge success in helping people living with psychosis; decline in untreated symptoms to 3 months, 82% did not have residual symptoms, 86% had returned to work or study and only 19% took neuroleptics at any point during the study.
Seikkula, 2006
The Soteria Project was a voluntary residency offered to people with diagnoses of schizophrenia; they would co-habitat with non-psychiatric/psychology residents who were volunteers that had offered their time to live with and understand the experiences of the residents and engage with them empathetically. Astonishingly, the success rate of this programme was comparable to that of traditional treatment methods.
Mosher, 2003
5% of the population hear voices at any given time
Tien, 1991
Up to 70% of the population endorse views that could be labelled delusional.
Verdoux et al., 1998
Subvocal speech in which was measured by using an EMG and speech musculature and demonstrated how those who experience auditory hallucinations are actually subvocally talking to themselves.
This is one prong to the biopsychosocial explanations to psychosis.
Inouye & Shimizu, 1970
Effects of suggestibility was measured using the Barber Suggestibility Scale in a 2x2 factorial designed experiment in which participants were either told they had been assigned to the hypnotic group or the control group and suggestibility was found to be higher in the alleged hypnotic group despite no hypnosis having been employed.
This is one prong to the biopsychosocial explanations to psychosis.
Barber & Calverly, 1964
Sensory deprivation and white noise have also been found to affect the ways in which hallucinations can vary in their intensity; the results of the nine conditions of their experiment suggested that the more attention required the less influence and clarity there was in the hallucinations.
This is one prong to the biopsychosocial explanations to psychosis.
Margo et al., 1981
This researcher investigated the ways in which arousal affects storage and retrieval in human learning and memory. He theorised that states of high arousal affect storage of a memory by forcing the individual to focus upon the physical aspects of the presented stimuli.
This is particularly relevant to people experiencing psychosis due the fact that around 90% of these people report traumatic childhood life-experiences.
This is one prong to the biopsychosocial explanations to psychosis.
Eysenck, 1976
How understandable is it to refer to this small minority of people who have delusions & hallucinations as ‘schizophrenic’ when many ‘normal’ people also have these same experiences?
Bentall & Slade, 1985
Who suggested that industrialised societies are less well equipped to deal with mental health complications as people are more isolated, have nuclear families (rather than extended) and there is greater emphasis on
individuality as well as pressure to contribute to society?
And further highlighted his argument by demonstrating in a cross-cultural study between Italian and American people living with schizophrenia. These two societies demonstrated very different family structures; extended and nuclear respectively.
In his study he highlighted how 73% of the people living with “schizophrenia” in Italy lived with their families versus only 17% of the American counter-parts did. Apart from generally lower quality of life, the American participants were also more isolated and less likely to employed or married; plus more likely to commit a crime.
Richard Warner, 2004 in Recovery from Schizophrenia, psychiatry and political economy
Following the studies of WHO (1992); this researcher supposed that developing societies are better prepared help people with mental illness due to how they view it; as a systemic issue - one that concerns both the individual and all those connected with them; the family become the care-givers.
Whereas in “Western” societies the state is the primary distributor of social support and implementation of treatment.
The rates of distress and recovery from it appear to be most indicative of the success or lack-there-of of the described methods of dealing with distress.
Cecil Helman, 2007 in Culture, Health & Illness
