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DRUGS & BEHAVIOR > PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

factors impacting drug experience

A
  • biological characteristics
  • psychological
  • risk factors
  • preventative factors
  • expectancies & beliefs
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2
Q

biological characteristics

A
  • genetic factors
  • gender
  • weight
  • age
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3
Q

genetic factors

A

initial sensitivity

ex. the Asian flush

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4
Q

gender factor

A
  • fat content vs. water content
  • more water content dilutes drug concentrations
  • more water = lower peak concentration
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5
Q

weight factor

A

more blood & bodily fluids dilute drug concentration

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6
Q

age factor

A
  • children = enzyme systems immature or non-existent
  • elderly = impaired enzyme systems
  • enzyme systems responsible for metabolism
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7
Q

psychological factors

A
  • personality
  • stress response dampening
  • addictive personality
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8
Q

personality factor

A
  • sensation-seeking
  • need for varied, novel sensations
  • disinhibition
  • bordom susceptibility
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9
Q

stress response dampening (SRD)

A
  • increased susceptibility to stress reduction with drug use
  • some people more likely to feel alleviation of stress with drug use
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10
Q

addictive personality

little evidence in support

A
  • a hypothesis of people with SUDs share common set of traits
  • more aggressive, IMPULSIVE, thrill seeking, rebellious, sociable, extroverted
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11
Q

addictive personality

little evidence in support

A
  • a hypothesis of people with SUDs share common set of traits
  • more aggressive, IMPULSIVE, thrill seeking, rebellious, sociable, extroverted
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12
Q

risk factors

A
  • parents acceptance of drug use
  • poor school performance
  • perceived peer approval
  • trying alcohol before 13
  • emotional distress
  • high comorbidity with mental illness
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13
Q

protective factors

limits risk of drug use

A
  • child’s degree of attachment to parent
  • parental supervision
  • committment to school
  • involvement in activities
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14
Q

expectancies & beliefs

A
  • may influence perceived effect
  • environment; social vs. alone
  • learning from others; watching how experiences users act & respond
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15
Q

psychopharmacology phenomena

A
  • tolerance
  • sensitization
  • drug abuse
  • drug dependence
  • addiction
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16
Q

tolerance

A
  • how prior use of a drug impacts future effects
  • more use = dose response curve shifted to right
  • shift in potency = need more of drug to get same effect
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17
Q

dispositional tolerance

A
  • metabolic
  • body gets better at getting rid of the drug meaning more drug is needed for effects
  • metabolic adaptions = ↑ enzyme levels with chronic use
  • changes in efficiency or capacity to metabolize drug
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18
Q

functional tolerance

multiple types

A
  • site of action is less sensitive = lessened response
  • related to pharmacodynamics
  • umbrella term for other types
  • changes in post-synaptic synapses
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19
Q

acute tolerance

tachyphylaxis

A
  • occurs with cocaine & alcohol within single session
  • functional tolerance
  • the effects of a dose feel better on way up than the same concentration on way down
  • after first dose, tolerant to effects even if taking same dose
  • always chasing the feeling of the first hit
  • reverses very quickly
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20
Q

protracted tolerance

A
  • more drug is needed to achieve same effects
  • chronic use = higher tolerance
  • can be reversed but takes time
  • functional tolerance
21
Q

cross-tolerance

A
  • use of one drug resulting in tolerance of another drug with similar effects
  • due to similar chemical composition
  • functional tolerance
22
Q

reverse tolerance or sensitization

A
  • heightened sensitivity to drug’s effects after a period of abstinence
  • abstinence with time can increase sensitivity in site of action
  • cocaine, marijuana, opioids

think ‘T-break’

23
Q

homeostasis hypothesis

how functional tolerance works

A
  • cell adaptation
  • brain is malleable & able to be reformed
  • attempting to restore balance back to optimal level
  • adapts to create a new baseline level
24
Q

downregulation

A
  • if drug ↑ NT availibilty (agonist) then natural NT levels decrease
  • body trying to compensate neurotransmission by decreasing receptor levels
  • drug taken repeatedly = body creates new baseline (less receptors)

ex. there are less D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens for chronic cocaine users because cocaine increases dopamine levels, forcing body to compensate

25
Q

upregulation

A
  • increase in receptors when drug decreases NT levels
  • more enzymes to metabolize drug if drug prevents NT
  • chronic use = more enzymes at baseline
26
Q

behavioral tolerance

learned tolerance

A
  • tolerance that is learned through association
  • habituation, context/environment, conditioning
  • HARDEST TO REVERSE
27
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A
  • association of stimulus with a drug means stimulus will now create craving of the drug
  • even being shown a video of the drug can increase prefrontal cortex activity
  • anticipation of reward triggers activation of dopamine system
28
Q

homeostatic counter-reaction

A
  • chronic user’s body prepares itself to take drug
  • can reduce net effect of the drug
  • ex. caffeine increases heart rate so body would decrease heart rate in anticipation of caffeine consumption
29
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • the longer you’ve been taking a drug, the stronger the conditioning
  • even just the ANTICIPATION of reward triggers activation of dopamine system
30
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • things that have worked in the past are expected to work again
  • uses reinforcement and punishment
31
Q

reinforcement

A
  • part of operant conditioning
  • action or stimulus that is likely to increase a behavior
  • adding something
32
Q

positive reinforcement

A
  • action/behavior that increases the likelihood of ‘good’ thing happening again
  • given reward = increase

ex. study for exam 1 & get an A → increase likelihood of studying again since worked last time to get reward

33
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • action/behavior that increases likelihood of ‘bad’ thing not happening again
  • ex. turning on AC in car in summer; bad thing = hot car & sweating → add action (AC) to decrease chance of being sweaty
34
Q

punishment

A
  • part of operant conditioning
  • action/stimulus to decrease behavior
  • taking behavior away
35
Q

positive punishment

A
  • adding something that decreases likelihood of behavior happening again
  • ex. add a time-out for kid to decrease bad behavior

think seatbelt in car; want to decrease behavior of not wearing a seatbelt (bad) → ADD annoying seatbelt detector noise = annoying beep added to decrease behavior of not wearing seatbelt

36
Q

negative punishment

A
  • removal of something that decreases likelihood of behavior happening again
  • typical thought of punishment

ex. kids fighting = bad behavior so you take away their allowance → no allowance to decrease fighting behavior

37
Q

drug use & reinforcement

A
  • positive = drug experience, social acceptance
  • negative = withdrawal, craving
  • action = drug use, bad thing = withdrawal, add action to decrease bad (get rid of withdrawal by using drug)

positive = enjoy the high of marijuana → increase chance of smoking

38
Q

drug use & punishment

A
  • positive = add bad thing to decrease behavior
  • add prison sentence → decrease drunk driving
  • negative = remove good thing to decrease behavior
  • losing family → decrease drug use
39
Q

animal models of reinforcement

using self-administration

A
  • teach animal to press lever when red light to receive drug & to ignore green light
  • can use to study extinction & drug discrimination
  • animal learns pressing lever = drug (reward) → press lever more & more over time until max is reached
  • no reward → animal eventually stops pressing
  • then use reinstatement to study extinction
40
Q

extinction

A
  • cessation of learned response over time when reward is stopped
  • NOT same as forgetting
  • followed by reinstatement
41
Q

reinstatement

A
  • reward given once again & memory is still present
  • if lever starts to give reward again, learned behavior still present
42
Q

drug discrimination

A
  • animal studies - press lever 1 for drug, press lever 2 for food
  • can see similarities/differences between drugs
  • what kind of drugs are chosen over food reward
43
Q

punishment animal studies

A
  • animal given drug & an electric shock at same time
  • stop pressing lever (for drug)
  • can compare drugs to see if one is more likely to be squashed with negative shock

i.e. cocaine vs. heroin → heroin more likely for continued use despite shock

44
Q

conditioned place preference/aversion

A
  • animal studies with 2 choices of environment
  • box 1= receives drug & box 2 = neutral (no drug)
  • animal given choice between boxes; goes to box 1 if drug effects enjoyed
  • shows preference between drugs (cocaine over heroin)
45
Q

placebo effect

A
  • may feel an effect if person is convinced there should be an effect
  • need it as control because mind over matter sometimes
  • only seen in humans, not animals
46
Q

single blind

A

subject being tested doesn’t know what condition they’re in, but experimenter knows

participant not sure if receiving placebo or treatment

47
Q

double blind

A
  • neither subject nor experimenter knows the condition
  • preferred method, not always possible
48
Q

active placebos

A
  • cause side-effects that are difference than expected effects of drug
  • artificial drug causes real effects but different

i.e. testing drug that treats insomnia, active placebo causes excessive sweating effects

49
Q

new drug development to target addiction

A
  1. drug with <toxicity/side effects than addictive drug
  2. inhibits craving (eliminate motivation
  3. blocks effects of misused drug (no rewarding effects)
  4. blocks effects of ALL drugs of misuse (multiple drugs can substitute)
  5. long lasting
  6. orally effective

process is very long, and often unsuccessful

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