psychopharm Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Nature vs Nurture

Deoxyribonucleic acid

  • Molecule
  • Located in cell nucleus and organelles
  • Basis for inherited features

Gene

  • Unit of hereditary information coding for a specific phenotypic trait
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2
Q

Major Depression (Neuron Communication)

A

Medications can treat by:

  • Increasing synthesis of dopamine
    • L-dopa (Parkinson’s treatment)
  • Decreasing breakdown of dopamine
    • MAO inhibitors
  • Decreasing recycling of serotonin
    • SSRIs
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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Major use:

  • Source of fuel for living
  • Energy storage

Makes up most organic matter on earth

Provides structural backbone for DNA and RNA

Monosaccharides

  • Simple sugars
  • Glucose, fructose

Disaccharides

  • Double sugars
  • Sucrose (table sugar)
  • Lactose (milk sugar)

Both taste sweet

Polysaccharides:

  • Long chains of simple sugars
  • Not sweet to taste
  • Glycogen
  • Starch
    • Storages of excess glucose
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4
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Deficit in phenylalanine hydroxylase

Impaired conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine

High levels of phenylalanine in blood

  • Abnormal CNS development
  • Severe mental retardation by 1 year

Treatment: limit phenylalanine ingestion

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters (Major Players)

A

Monoamines:

  • Indolamines
    • Serotonin: 5HT
  • Catacholamines
    • Dopamine: DA
    • Norepinephrine: NE
    • epinephrine

Acetylcholine: ACh

  • Nicotinic receptors
  • Muscarinic receptors

Amino Acids:

  • Gamma-amino-buteryic acid
    • Most common inhibitory
  • Glutamate
    • Most common excitatory
  • Glycine

Neuropeptides:

  • Endorphins
  • Substance P
  • Enkephlins
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6
Q

We are because of physiology

A
  • There is nothing we can do, think, feel, emote, move, that does not depend on an electrical-chemical reaction
  • Srtive for homeastasis
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7
Q

Lipids/fats/oils

A

Hydrophobic

  • Insoluble in water

Hydrophilic

  • Soluble in water

Lipophobic

  • Insoluble in oil

Lipophilic

  • Loves fat

Fats contain energy stored in numerous carbon bonds

Triglycerides

  • Glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains

Unsaturated fat

  • Omega-3
  • Omega-6

Phospholipid bilayer membrane

  • Proteins and cholesterol supply structural stability to membrane
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8
Q

DNA (Human genome & heritablity)

A

Genome:

  • 46 chromosomes
    • 22 autosomal
    • 1 sex linked
      • XX = female
      • XY = male
    • 3 billion base pairs

Heritablity:

Bipolar I

  • Nearly 50% of identified cases

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

  • Nearly 50%

Schizophrenia

  • Heritability increases as number of biological relatives have disorder
  • 80% if both parents express schizophrenia
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9
Q

Neuron Communication

A

Axons:

  • Send messages

Dendrites:

  • Receive messages
    • Excitatory
    • Inhibitory

Soma:

  • Synthesizing and energizing

Communication:

  • Synapse
  • Synaptic gap
  • Pre-synaptic
  • membrane
  • Post-synaptic membrane
  • Second messenger system
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10
Q

Polarity (why we need water)

A
  • Partial charge separation
  • Water molecule is polar:
    • Its O-H bonds are significantly polar
    • Its bent geometry makes the distribution of those polar bonds asymmetrical.
    • The side containing the more electronegative oxygen atom is partially negative
    • The side containing the less electronegative hydrogen atoms is partially positive
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11
Q

Liver (enzyme)

A

Critical for metabolism of nutrients

Increased serum levels of liver enzymes indicate

  • Alcoholic hepatitis
  • Active viral hepatitis (A, B, C)
  • Drug-induced hepatitis

Example:

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

  • Antabuse inactivates ALD
  • Causes nausea because of higher levels of acetic acid

Ethyl alcohol metabolism

  • Genetic differences
    • Females have less alcohol dehydrogenase in digestive system
    • Metabolize alcohol slower
  • Racial differences
    • 50% of Chinese and Japanese have less activeve aldehyde dehydr
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12
Q

Solubility Factors (PASIVE DIFFUSION)

A
  • Move through cell membranes
  • Leaves water in blood
  • Move from high to lower concentrations
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13
Q

Cytochrome P450

A
  • Proteins with heme group
  • Oxidation reactions
  • In liver
  • Involved in drug metabolism
  • Leads to drug-drug interactions
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14
Q

H2O

A

Fundamental molecule of life

Highly cohesive Polar:

  • Forms hydrogen bonds
  • Human body is at least 55% water
    • Lung tissue is 80% water
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15
Q

Neurons - Cell & Structure

A

Cell:

  • Basic unit of life
  • 10 billion neurons in human body

Structure:

  • Cell membrane
    • Phospholipid bilayer Nucleus
    • Cytoplasm
      • Water-soluble proteins
  • Ribosome
    • Protein synthesis cite
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Lipid and steroid synthesis
  • Mitochondria
    • ATP synthesis (energy)
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16
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins act as catalysts in biochemical reactions

Name often ends in “ase”

Acetylcholine transferase

  • Most efficient enzyme in body
  • Works for muscle action

Monoamine oxidase

  • Breaks down monoamines
17
Q

DNA (Epigenome)

A

Environment changes the DNA

Second generation FAS?

Diet of grandparents reflected in grandchildren!

18
Q

Elements of the Human Body

A

Oxygen-65%

Carbon: 18.5%

Hydrogen: 9.5%

Nitrogen: 3.2%

Phosphorous: 1%

Sulfer:0.3%

Sodium:0.2%

Chlorine: 0.2%

Magnesium: 0.1%

Iodine: 0.1%

Iron: 0.1%

19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen in red blood cells

Each subunit contains oxygen-binding heme

Smoking reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood cells

Binds with carbon dioxide

  • Irreversible CNS damage to myelin
20
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids

Major structure of organisms

20 primary proteins - Humans cannot make 9 of them

  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Theronine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine