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Crisis Intervention, Diagnostics, and Psychopharmacology > Psychopharm > Flashcards

Psychopharm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two forms of lithium, and what are they the first-line treatment for?

A

Lithium carbonate and lithium citrate are the front-line treatment for bipolar disorder.

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2
Q

Clinically, why is it important to ask about ALL medications and changes in medications, not just psychiatric medications?

A

Because some medications, like hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis medications, can have psychological side effects.

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3
Q

What does sodium pentothal cause?

A

Unconsciousness

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4
Q

What is the risk of metabolism impairment when it comes to psychopharm?

A

Drug toxicity (poisoning due to high levels of the drug in the body because it can’t be metabolized correctly) and/or severe side effects

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5
Q

What does Greek descent have to do with psychopharm?

A

Some people of Greek descent metabolize drugs very quickly, which means they’d see minimal symptom improvement at very high doses.

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6
Q

What are five drugs that contain significant levels of caffeine, and why is that relevant?

A

Excedrin (pain reliever), Midol (pain reliever), Cafergot (migraines), Fiorinal (tension headaches), Fioricet (tension headaches).

These mimic symptoms of anxiety and panic disorders.

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7
Q

What drug do you need to inquire about in someone with acne and depression/suicidal ideation?

A

Isotretinoin (Accutane) - can cause depression and SI

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8
Q

What are the two types of drugs used to treat seasonal affective disorder?

A

SSRIs and MAO inhibitors

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9
Q

How long do most antidepressants take to work?

A

2-4 weeks

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10
Q

What are 7 drugs that can induce mania?

A

Amphetamines

Tricyclic antidepressants

SAM-e (osteoarthritis meds and OTC depression meds)

Antihypertensives

Prednisone (corticosteroid)

Anticholinergics (benztropine and trihexyphenidyl)

Levothyroxine (thyroid medication)

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11
Q

If you’re treating bipolar disorder with an antidepressant, what else do you need to do?

A

Pair it with a mood stabilizing drug (antipsychotic) to avoid inducing mania

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12
Q

Does bipolar disorder respond better to therapy or medication?

A

Medication, by a lot

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13
Q

What is the one specific phobia that responds well to medication therapy, and why?

A

Social phobias, due to medications’ ability to mediate parts of our brain that activate to avoid rejection and abandonment

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14
Q

What are 4 non-obvious drugs that can cause anxiety?

A

Steroids, asthma medications, nasal decongestants, and appetite suppressants

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15
Q

Why is the locus coeruleus relevant for medication treatment for anxiety disorders?

A

Dysregulation here is thought to be a primary biological cause of anxiety disorders

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16
Q

Why do some people with anxiety disorders self-medicate with opiates?

A

Opiates bind to the inhibitory receptors on the locus coeruleus, which acts as a natural brake and prevents the locus coeruleus from firing activation signals to the limbic system

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17
Q

What two conditions is gabapentin used to treat?

A

Seizure disorders and anxiety disorders

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18
Q

If propranolol (Inderal) is taken before a stressful event like a speech, what is its dosage?

A

10-80mg

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19
Q

What type of drug is propranolol?

A

Beta blocker

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20
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Prevent increased cardiac action (like a rapid heartrate) and reduce blood pressure

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21
Q

Are benzodiazepines addictive?

A

Yes, if used for more than a few weeks.

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22
Q

Why is medication treatment contraindicated in neurotic anxiety?

A

Medication can further block awareness of the underlying psychological conflict

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23
Q

What percentage of patients have a relapse of panic disorder symptoms if they stop medication?

A

70%

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24
Q

What are the two classes of medications used to treat panic disorder?

A

Benzodiazepines and antidepressants (specifically MAOIs)

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25
Q

What is the one antidepressant that should never be used to treat panic disorder and why?

A

Bupropion (Zyban and Wellbutrin), because it has been shown to exacerbate panic attacks

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26
Q

What is the symptom relapse rate for OCD if clients stop taking their medication?

A

95%

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27
Q

What is the only psychotherapy effective at treating OCD?

A

Exposure therapy (75-80% success rate after 25 sessions)

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28
Q

What is the dosing rate for OCD compared to depression?

A

OCD dosing rates are 50-100% higher - meaning they need more to see an effect

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29
Q

What drugs are most effective at treating OCD?

A

Antidepressants

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30
Q

What do 5-HT antidepressants do?

A

Increase the level of serotonin in the brain

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31
Q

What is the relapse rate for schizophrenia symptoms, with and without medication treatment?

A

70% relapse if they stop meds, 30-40% relapse even on meds

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32
Q

True or false: patients who have been psychotic longer prior to medication treatment have a poorer treatment response.

A

True

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33
Q

Why are Parkinson’s medications sometimes used for schizophrenia?

A

To treat the extrapyramidal (movement-based) symptoms of schizophrenia

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34
Q

True or false: beta blockers are sometimes used for schizophrenia because they reduce akathisia.

A

True.

(Akathisia is an inability to sit still, and it is a common side effect of antipsychotics)

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35
Q

How long is the minimum recommended course of treatment for antipsychotics?

A

6 months

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36
Q

What drugs are best suited to treat hyperarousal in PTSD patients and why?

A

Antidepressants because they can inhibit hypersensitive norepinephrine receptors that cause hyperarousal

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37
Q

True or false: treatment with clonidine (Catapres and Kapvay) and beta-blockers immediately following a traumatic event may prevent brain damage from excessive adrenaline levels.

A

False. They may prevent brain damage due to excessive cortisol and glutamate levels.

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38
Q

What is the recommended antidepressant treatment length for PTSD?

A

9-12 months

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39
Q

What is the problem with treating PTSD with high doses of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics?

A

They may chemically induce a state similar to dissociation and prevent the person from accessing and working through the underlying trauma.

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40
Q

Are benzodiazepines an appropriate treatment for borderline personality disorder and why/why not?

A

No, because borderline patients are at high risk for dependency and abuse.

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41
Q

Should the antidepressant bupropion (Zyban and Wellbutrin) be used in borderline personality disordered patients and why/why not?

A

No, because bupropion is a dopamine agonist and may exacerbate psychotic symptoms.

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42
Q

Which types of antidepressants are at high risk for toxicity in overdose?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants and MAO inhibitors

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43
Q

What is the street name for phencyclidine?

A

PCP (stimulant)

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44
Q

What is the one commonly abused drug type that does not cause withdrawal symptoms or persisting symptoms following cessation of use?

A

Hallucinogens, specifically PCP

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45
Q

What commonly abused drug does not cause anxiety?

A

Opioids

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46
Q

What are the only two commonly abused drugs that cause dementia and amensia?

A

Alcohol and sedative-hypnotics (like benzos)

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47
Q

What is the brand name for disulfiram?

A

Antabuse

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48
Q

What is the generic name for Antabuse?

A

Disulfiram

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49
Q

What does disulfiram (Antabuse) do, and what is the appropriate dosing for it?

A

Encourages alcohol abstinence by causing nausea and vomiting when the person drinks alcohol. Dosage is 250-500mg daily.

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50
Q

What two drugs can reduce alcohol cravings post-detox?

A

Naltrexone and acamprosate (Campral)

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51
Q

What is the generic name for Campral?

A

Acamprosate

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52
Q

What is the brand name for acamprosate?

A

Campral

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53
Q

What can you give someone to reduce their alcohol intoxication?

A

Multivitamins, specifically those with thiamine and folate

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54
Q

What neurotransmitter system is highly activated during stimulant intoxication?

A

Dopamine

(Therefore, antipsychotics can reduce acute intoxication)

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55
Q

What is the brand name for propoxyphene?

A

Darvon

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56
Q

What is the generic name for Darvon?

A

Propoxyphene

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57
Q

What type of drug is propoxyphene (Darvon)?

A

Opioid

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58
Q

What is the brand name for meperidine?

A

Demerol

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59
Q

What is the generic name for Demerol?

A

Meperidine

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60
Q

What type of drug is meperidine (Demerol)?

A

Opioid

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61
Q

What is the brand name for pentazocine?

A

Talwin

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62
Q

What is the generic name for Talwin?

A

Pentazocine

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63
Q

What type of drug is pentazocine (Talwin)?

A

Opioid

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64
Q

What is the brand name for hydromorphone?

A

Dilaudid

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65
Q

What is the generic name for Dilaudid?

A

Hydromorphone

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66
Q

What type of drug is hydromorphone (Dilaudid)?

A

Opioid

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67
Q

What are the 2 brand names for oxycodone?

A

Percodan and Oxycontin

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68
Q

What is the generic name for Percodan and Oxycontin?

A

Oxycodone

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69
Q

What type of drug is oxycodone (Percodan and Oxycontin)?

A

Opioid

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70
Q

What are the 2 brand names for hydrocodone?

A

Vicodin and Damason-P

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71
Q

What is the generic name for Vicodin and Damason-P?

A

Hydrocodone

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72
Q

What type of drug is hydrocodone (Vicodin and Damason-P)?

A

Opioid

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73
Q

What is the chemical name for lysergic acid diethylamide?

A

LSD (hallucinogen)

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74
Q

What type of drug is mescaline?

A

Hallucinogen

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75
Q

How long does it usually take for the body to flush itself of hallucinogens?

A

12-24 hours

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76
Q

What substance addiction can bupropion (Zyban and Wellbutrin) be used to treat?

A

Nicotine addiction

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77
Q

What are the brand names for bupropion?

A

Zyban and Wellbutrin

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78
Q

What is the generic name for Zyban?

A

Bupropion

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79
Q

What is the brand name for varenidine?

A

Chantix

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80
Q

What is the generic name for Chantix?

A

Varenidine

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81
Q

What is varenidine (Chantix) used to treat?

A

Nicotine addiction

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82
Q

True or false: tranquilizers like Xanax, Ativan, and Valium, as well as sleeping pills, improve sleep.

A

False. They lead to poor sleep because they reduce the amount of time in deep sleep.i

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83
Q

Do decongestants improve or hinder sleep, and why?

A

Hinder, because many contain pseudoepinepherine

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84
Q

What type of medications are Sonata, Lunesta, Rozerem, and Ambien?

A

Sleeping pills (the good ones that don’t reduce deep sleep)

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85
Q

What type of medication is Atarax?

A

Antihistamine

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86
Q

What is the brand name for zolpidem?

A

Ambien

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87
Q

What is the generic name for Ambien?

A

Zolpidem

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88
Q

What is the brand name for zaleplon?

A

Sonata

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89
Q

What is the generic name for Sonata?

A

Zaleplon

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90
Q

What is the brand name for eszopiclone?

A

Lunesta

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91
Q

What is the generic name for Lunesta?

A

Eszopiclone

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92
Q

What is the brand name for ramelteon?

A

Rozerem

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93
Q

What is the generic name for Rozerem?

A

Ramelteon

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94
Q

What is a common side effect of sleeping pills?

A

Amnesia/doing things you don’t remember

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95
Q

What is the brand name for triazolam?

A

Halcion

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96
Q

What is the generic name for Halcion?

A

Triazolam

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97
Q

What two sleeping pills are most associated with amnesia?

A

Triazolam (Halcion) and zolpidem (Ambien)

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98
Q

What is the only sleeping pill that is not habit-forming?

A

Ramelteon (Rozerem)

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99
Q

What are the brand names for trazodone?

A

Desyrel and Oleptro

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100
Q

What is the generic name for Desyrel?

A

Trazodone

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101
Q

What is the brand name for quetiapine?

A

Seroquel

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102
Q

What is the generic name for Seroquel?

A

Quetiapine

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103
Q

What is the brand name for mirtazapine?

A

Remeron

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104
Q

What is the generic name for Remeron?

A

Mirtazapine

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105
Q

What type of drug is mirtazapine (Remeron)?

A

Sedating antidepressant (SNRI)

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106
Q

What does mirtazapine (Remeron) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Depression and insomnia, 7.5-15mg for insomnia

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107
Q

What is the brand name for flurazepam?

A

Dalmane

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108
Q

What is the generic name for Dalmane?

A

Flurazepam

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109
Q

What does flurazepam (Dalmane) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia, 15-60mg/day

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110
Q

What is the brand name for temazepam?

A

Restoril

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111
Q

What is the generic name for Restoril?

A

Temazepam

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112
Q

When temazepam (Restoril) is used to treat insomnia, what is its dosage?

A

15-30mg/day

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113
Q

When triazolam (Halcion) is used to treat insomnia, what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia, 0.25-0.5mg/day

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114
Q

What is the brand name for estazolam?

A

Prosom

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115
Q

What is the generic name for Prosom?

A

Estazolam

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116
Q

What does estazolam (Prosom) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia and anxiety, 1-2mg/day

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117
Q

What is the brand name for quazepam?

A

Doral

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118
Q

What is the generic name for Doral?

A

Quazepam

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119
Q

What does quazepam (Doral) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia, 7.5-15mg/day

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120
Q

What does zolpidem (Ambien) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia and anxiety, 5-12.5mg/day

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121
Q

What does zaleplon (Sonata) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia and anxiety, 5-10mg/day

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122
Q

What does eszopiclone (Lunesta) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia and anxiety, 1-3mg/day

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123
Q

What does ramelteon (Rozerem) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Initial insomnia, 4-16mg/day

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124
Q

What is the brand name for survorexant?

A

Belsomra

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125
Q

What is the generic name for Belsomra?

A

Survorexant

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126
Q

What does survorexant (Belsomra) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Insomnia and anxiety, 10-20mg/day

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127
Q

What dosage of melatonin is appropriate to treat insomnia?

A

0.5mg/day

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128
Q

What dosage of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is appropriate to treat insomnia?

A

25-100mg/day (1-4 pills)

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129
Q

When used to treat insomnia, what is the dosage for trazodone (Desyrel)?

A

25-100mg/day

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130
Q

What is the brand name for doxepin?

A

Silenor

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131
Q

What is the generic name for Silenor?

A

Doxepin

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132
Q

When used to treat insomnia, what is the dosage of doxepin (Silenor)?

A

3-6mg/day

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133
Q

Is sleep hygiene or medication most effective at treating insomnia?

A

Sleep hygiene

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134
Q

What three types of drugs can treat restless leg syndrome?

A

Dopamine agonists, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsants

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135
Q

What two types of drugs can exacerbate restless leg syndrome?

A

Antihistamines and serotonergic antidepressants

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136
Q

What do haloperidol and pimozide treat?

A

Tourette Syndrome

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137
Q

What is the one and only drug that might help treat anorexia, and why?

A

Naltrexone (opiate agonist), because it mimics the endorphin high that results from fasting

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138
Q

What is the generic name for Wellbutrin?

A

Bupropion

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139
Q

Whar type of medication best treats bulimia?

A

SSRI antidepressants

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140
Q

Should bupropion (Zyban and Wellbutrin) be used to treat eating disorders, and why/why not?

A

No, because it increases risk of convulsions.

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141
Q

What is the brand name for topiramtate?

A

Topamax

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142
Q

What is the generic name for Topamax?

A

Topiramate

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143
Q

What type of drug is topiramate (Topamax), and what is it sometimes used to treat?

A

It is an anticonvulsant sometimes used to treat bulimia.

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144
Q

What is the street name for anoretic agents?

A

Diet pills

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145
Q

What is the brand name for lisdexamfetamine?

A

Vyvanse

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146
Q

What is the generic name for Vyvanse?

A

Lisdexamfetamine

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147
Q

What type of drug is lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), and what is it used to treat?

A

It is a psychostimulant that treats binge-eating disorder and ADHD.

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148
Q

What are 4 common side effects of lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)?

A

Dry mouth, insomnia, reduced appetite, and increased heart rate

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149
Q

What class of drug is used to treat dementia?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

As the brain ages, there is a reduction in the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and this drug prevents the catalyzation of acetylcholine.

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150
Q

What are 3 examples of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Rivastigmine, donepezil, and galantamine

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151
Q

What are brand names for phentermine?

A

Fastin and Ionamin

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152
Q

What is the generic name for Fastin and Ionamin?

A

Phentermine

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153
Q

What is phentermine (Fastin and Ionamin) used to treat?

A

Obesity

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154
Q

What should phentermine (Fastin and Ionamin) never be taken with?

A

SSRI antidepressants

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155
Q

What is the brand name for sibutramine?

A

Meridia

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156
Q

What is the generic name for Meridia?

A

Sibutramine

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157
Q

What does sibutramine (Meridia) treat?

A

Obesity

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158
Q

What do Orlistat, Contrave, and Qsymia treat?

A

Obesity

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159
Q

What is the brand name for lorcaserin?

A

Belviq

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160
Q

What is the generic name for Belviq?

A

Lorcaserin

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161
Q

What does lorcaserin (Belviq) treat?

A

Obesity

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162
Q

What class of medication is best for treating chronic pain?

A

Cyclic antidepressants

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163
Q

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are examples of what?

A

Catecholamines

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164
Q

How does a monoamine oxidase inhibitor work?

A

Stops the function of monoamine oxidase, which breaks down catecholamines like dopamine and serotonin

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165
Q

What is the brand name for amitriptyline?

A

Elavil

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166
Q

What is the generic name for Elavil?

A

Amitriptyline

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167
Q

What is the brand name for clomipramine?

A

Anafranil

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168
Q

What is the generic name for Anafranil?

A

Clomipramine

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169
Q

What is the brand name for desipramine?

A

Norpramin

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170
Q

What is the generic name for Norpramin?

A

Desipramine

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171
Q

What is the brand name for imipramine?

A

Tofranil

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172
Q

What is the generic name for Tofranil?

A

Imipramine

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173
Q

What are the brand names for nortriptyline?

A

Pamelor and Aventyl

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174
Q

What is the generic name for Pamelor and Aventyl?

A

Nortriptyline

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175
Q

What are the three categories of side effects for tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Anticholinergic (things dry out), adrenergic (sweating, orthostatic hypotension, and sexual dysfunction), and antihistaminic (sedation and weight gain)

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176
Q

True or false: tricyclic antidepressants are difficult to overdose on.

A

False. They are very toxic.

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177
Q

Which two tricyclic antidepressants generally have the worst side effects?

A

Amitriptyline (Elavil) and doxepin (Silenor)

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178
Q

What is the brand name for fluoxetine?

A

Prozac

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179
Q

What is the generic name for Prozac?

A

Fluoxetine

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180
Q

What is the brand name for citalopram?

A

Celexa

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181
Q

What is the generic name for Celexa?

A

Citalopram

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182
Q

What is the brand name for escitalopram?

A

Lexapro

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183
Q

What is the generic name for Lexapro?

A

Escitalopram

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184
Q

What is the brand name for fluvoxamine?

A

Luvox

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185
Q

What is the generic name for Luvox?

A

Fluvoxamine

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186
Q

What is the brand name for paroxetine?

A

Paxil

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187
Q

What is the generic name for Paxil?

A

Paroxetine

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188
Q

What is the brand name for sertraline?

A

Zoloft

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189
Q

What is the generic name for Zoloft?

A

Sertraline

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190
Q

What type of antidepressant is amitriptyline (Elavil)?

A

Tricyclic

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191
Q

What type of antidepressant is clomipramine (Anafranil)?

A

Tricyclic

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192
Q

What type of antidepressant is despiramine (Norpramin)?

A

Tricyclic

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193
Q

What type of antidepressant is doxepin (Silenor)?

A

Tricyclic

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194
Q

What type of antidepressant is imipramine (Tofranil)?

A

Tricyclic

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195
Q

What type of antidepressant is nortriptyline (Pamelor and Aventyl)?

A

Tricyclic

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196
Q

What type of antidepressant is trazodone (Oleptro)?

A

Tricyclic

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197
Q

What type of antidepressant is fluoxetine (Prozac)?

A

SSRI

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198
Q

What type of antidepressant is citalopram (Celexa)?

A

SSRI

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199
Q

What type of antidepressant is escitalopram (Lexapro)?

A

SSRI

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200
Q

What type of antidepressant is fluvoxamine (Luvox)?

A

SSRI

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201
Q

What type of antidepressant is paroxetine (Paxil)?

A

SSRI

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202
Q

What type of antidepressant is sertaline (Zoloft)?

A

SSRI

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203
Q

Do tricyclic antidepressants or SSRIs have more side effects?

A

Tricyclics

204
Q

What might happen after a few months of treatment with SSRIs, and what do you do about it?

A

Patients may develop a syndrome that mimics depression. They should add bupropion (Wellbutrin) or a stimulant.

205
Q

What is the brand name for venlafaxine?

A

Effexor

206
Q

What is the generic name for Effexor?

A

Venlafaxine

207
Q

What is the brand name for desvenlafaxine?

A

Pristiq

208
Q

What is the generic name for Pristiq?

A

Desvenlafaxine

209
Q

What is the brand name for duloxetine?

A

Cymbalta

210
Q

What is the generic name for Cymbalta?

A

Duloxetine

211
Q

What is the brand name for levomilnacipran?

A

Fetzima

212
Q

What is the generic name for Fetzima?

A

Levomilnacipran

213
Q

What type of antidepressant is venlafaxine (Effexor)?

A

SNRI

214
Q

What type of antidepressant is desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)?

A

SNRI

215
Q

What type of antidepressant is duloxetine (Cymbalta)?

A

SNRI

216
Q

What type of antidepressant is levomilnacipran (Fetzima)?

A

SNRI

217
Q

Are SNRIs or SSRIs better at treating depression?

A

SNRIs, but they have more side effects than SSRIs

218
Q

What is the brand name for atomoxetine?

A

Strattera

219
Q

What is the generic name for Strattera?

A

Atomoxetine

220
Q

What type of drug is atomoxetine (Strattera)?

A

NRI (norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

221
Q

What is the brand name for reboxetine?

A

Vestra

222
Q

What is the generic name for Vestra?

A

Reboxetine

223
Q

What type of antidepressant is reboxetine (Vestra)?

A

NRI (norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

224
Q

What is the brand name for nefazodone?

A

Serzone

225
Q

What is the generic name for Serzone?

A

Nefazodone

226
Q

What type of antidepressant is nefazodone (Serzone)?

A

Atypical

227
Q

What is the spelled-out version of SNRI?

A

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

228
Q

What should nefazodone (Serzone) never be used with?

A

Xanax

229
Q

What is the brand name for buspirone?

A

BuSpar

230
Q

What is the generic name for BuSpar?

A

Buspirone

231
Q

What does buspirone (BuSpar) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 10-40mg/day

232
Q

What is the brand name for vilazodone?

A

Viibryd

233
Q

What is the generic name for Viibryd?

A

Vilazodone

234
Q

What type of antidepressant is vilazodone (Viibryd)?

A

Atypical

235
Q

What is the brand name for vortioxetine?

A

Trintellix

236
Q

What is the generic name for Trintellix?

A

Vortioxetine

237
Q

What type of antidepressant is vortioxetine (Trintellix)?

A

Atypical

238
Q

What food interactions increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis with MAOIs?

A

Foods high in tyramine, like fish, sausage, Italian meats, bananas, beef bouillon, and sauerkraut

239
Q

What is the riskiest side effect of MAOIs?

A

Hypertensive crisis

240
Q

What drug interactions increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis with MAOIs?

A

Stimulants, including decongestants and psychostimulants

241
Q

What is the brand name for phenelzine?

A

Nardil

242
Q

What is the generic name for Nardil?

A

Phenelzine

243
Q

What is the brand name for tranylcypromine?

A

Parnate

244
Q

What is the generic name for Parnate?

A

Tranylcypromine

245
Q

What type of antidepressant is tranylcypromine (Parnate)?

A

MAOI

246
Q

What type of antidepressant is phenelzine (Nardil)?

A

MAOI

247
Q

What are the brand names for selegiline?

A

Deprenyl and Ensam (patch)

248
Q

What is the generic name for Deprenyl and Ensam?

A

Selegiline

249
Q

What comorbid physical and psychological conditions does selegiline (Deprenyl and Ensam) treat?

A

Parkinson’s and depression

250
Q

What type of antidepressant is selegiline (Deprenyl and Ensam)?

A

MAOI

251
Q

What type of antidepressant is meclobemide?

A

MAOI

252
Q

What is the brand name for troamphetamine?

A

Dexedrine

253
Q

What is the generic name for Dexedrine?

A

Troamphetamine

254
Q

What is the brand name for methylphenidate?

A

Ritalin

255
Q

What is the generic name for Ritalin?

A

Methylphenidate

256
Q

What type of drug is troamphetamine (Dexedrine)?

A

Stimulant

257
Q

What type of drug is methylphenidate (Ritalin)?

A

Stimulant

258
Q

What are stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and troamphetamine (Dexedrine) sometimes used to treat and why?

A

Depression, because they promote the release of catecholamines

259
Q

Do people need to be on antidepressants for life?

A

Not usually, unless they have another episode of depression after the first course of treatment, then yes.

260
Q

How long does it normally take for someone to develop physiological tolerance to antidepressant side effects?

A

1-2 weeks

261
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant amitriptyline (Elavil)?

A

75-300mg/day

262
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant clomipramine (Anafranil)?

A

75-200mg/day

263
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant desipramine (Norpramin)?

A

75-300mg/day

264
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant imipramine (Tofranil)?

A

75-300mg/day

265
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant nortriptyline (Pamelor and Aventyl)?

A

50-150mg/day

266
Q

What is the standard dose for trazodone (Oleptro) when treating depression?

A

150-400mg/day

267
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant citalopram (Celexa)?

A

10-40mg/day

268
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant escitalopram (Lexapro)?

A

5-20mg/day

269
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac)?

A

20-80mg/day

270
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant fluvomaxine (Luvox)?

A

50-300mg/day

271
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant paroxetine (Paxil)?

A

20-60mg/day

272
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant sertraline (Zoloft)?

A

50-200mg/day

273
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant atomoxetine (Strattera)?

A

60-120mg/day

274
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin)?

A

150-400mg/day

275
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)?

A

50-400mg/day

276
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant duloxetine (Cymbalta)?

A

20-100mg/day

277
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant levomilnacipran (Fetzima)?

A

40-120mg/day

278
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant mirtazapine (Remeron)?

A

15-45mg/day

279
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant nefazodone (Serzone)?

A

100-600mg/day

280
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant venlafaxine (Effexor)?

A

75-350mg/day

281
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant vilazodone (Viibryd)?

A

10-40mg/day

282
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant vortioxetine (Trintellix)?

A

10-20mg/day

283
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant phenelzine (Nardil)?

A

30-90mg/day

284
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant selegiline (Ensam)?

A

6-12mg/day

285
Q

What is the standard dose for the antidepressant tranylcypromine (Parnate)?

A

20-60mg/day

286
Q

Why is family psychopharmacology relevant when it comes to medication selection?

A

If a family member responded to the medication, it’s more likely this patient will, too.

287
Q

True or false: people need to continue antidepressants for 9-12 months, even after symptoms go away, to ensure complete remission.

A

True

288
Q

In terms of antidepressant side effects, what is activation?

A

Anxiety symptoms that occur within the first few hours of starting an antidepressant or increasing dosage

289
Q

In terms of antidepressant side effects, what is switching?

A

A manic state, usually one that occurs a few weeks after starting an antidepressant or increasing dosage

290
Q

What is a common misconception about taking medications that must be overcome to ensure compliance?

A

Considering the need for medications a “moral weakness” (meaning they weren’t strong enough to overcome mental illness on their own)

291
Q

What does St. John’s wart treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Depression, 900-1800mg/day

292
Q

What prescription drugs should St. John’s wart not be taken with?

A

Any, including other antidepressants

293
Q

What is the spelled-out name for the drug SAM-e?

A

S-adenosyl-methionine

294
Q

What is SAM-e used to treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Depression, 400-1600mg/day

295
Q

What mental illness can omega-3 fatty acids be used to treat, and at what dose?

A

Depression, 1-9g/day

296
Q

True or false: it is safe to mix MAOIs and other types of antidepressants.

A

False.

297
Q

How long does it take to see symptom reduction in bipolar disorder with lithium?

A

5-14 days, with full stabilization taking months

298
Q

What does it mean when people say that lithium has as narrow therapeutic window?

A

The difference in dosage between the therapeutic dose and the toxic dose is very small.

299
Q

What is the lithium dosage for someone in an acute manic state with bipolar disorder?

A

1200-1400mg/day

300
Q

What is the maintenance lithium dose for someone with bipolar disorder?

A

600-1800mg/day

301
Q

What organ’s impairment is most likely to lead to toxic lithium buildup?

A

Kidneys (renal system)

302
Q

What are 6 signs of lithium toxicity?

A

GI symptoms

Worsening of tremors

Confusion

Stupor

Slurred speech

Seizure

303
Q

What are the brand names for carbamazepine?

A

Tegretol and Equetro

304
Q

What is the generic name for Tegretol?

A

Carbamazepine

305
Q

What is the brand name for divalproex?

A

Depakote

306
Q

What is the generic name for Depakote?

A

Divalproex

307
Q

What is the brand name for lamotrigine?

A

Lamictal

308
Q

What is the generic name for Lamictal?

A

Lamotrigine

309
Q

What is the generic name for Equetro?

A

Carbamazepine

310
Q

What type of drug is carbamazepine (Equetro and Tegretol)?

A

Anticonvulsant

311
Q

What type of drug is divalproex (Depakote)?

A

Anticonvulsant

312
Q

What type of drug is lamotrigine (Lamictal)?

A

Anticonvulsant

313
Q

What does carbamazepine (Tegretol and Equetro) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Bipolar disorder, 600-1600mg/day

314
Q

What does lamotrigine (Lamictal) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Bipolar disorder, 50-300mg/day

315
Q

What does divalproex (Depakote) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Bipolar disorder, 750-1500mg/day

316
Q

What two symptoms are indicative of carbamazepine (Equetro and Tegretol) toxicity?

A

Neurological and cardiac malfunctions

317
Q

What two symptoms are indicative of divalproex (Depakote) toxicity?

A

Somnolence and coma

318
Q

What symptom is indicative of lamotrigine (Lamictal) toxicity?

A

Rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (red, hive-y rash)

319
Q

What is the brand name for oxcarbazepine?

A

Trileptal

320
Q

What is the generic name for Trileptal?

A

Oxcarbazepine

321
Q

What does oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) treat, and what type of drug is it?

A

It is an anticonvulsant that treats bipolar disorder.

322
Q

What are the 2 concerns with giving a bipolar patient an antidepressant?

A

Inducing a manic episode and increasing the speed of cycling

323
Q

Which 2 classes of antidepressants are preferred for bipolar patients?

A

SSRIs and bupropion (Wellbutrin)

324
Q

How long do bipolar patients need to stay on their medication?

A

For life

325
Q

What is the brand name for diazepam?

A

Valium

326
Q

What is the brand name for chlorodiazepoxide?

A

Librium

327
Q

What is the brand name for clonazepam?

A

Klonopin

328
Q

What is the brand name for lorazepam?

A

Ativan

329
Q

What is the brand name for alprazolam?

A

Xanax

330
Q

What is the brand name for midazolam?

A

Versed

331
Q

What is the generic name for Valium?

A

Diazepam

332
Q

What is the generic name for Librium?

A

Chlorodiazepoxide

333
Q

What is the generic name for Klonopin?

A

Clonazepam

334
Q

What is the generic name for Ativan?

A

Lorazepam

335
Q

What is the generic name for Xanax?

A

Alprazolam

336
Q

What is the generic name for Versed?

A

Midazolam

337
Q

What type of drug is diazepam (Valium)?

A

Benzodiazepine

338
Q

What type of drug is chlorodiazepoxide (Librium)?

A

Benzodiazepine

339
Q

What type of drug is clonazepam (Klonopin)?

A

Benzodiazepine

340
Q

What type of drug is temazepam (Restoril)?

A

Benzodiazepine

341
Q

What type of drug is lorazepam (Ativan)?

A

Benzodiazepine

342
Q

What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?

A

Benzodiazepine

343
Q

What type of drug is triazolam (Halcion)?

A

Benzodiazepine

344
Q

What type of drug is midazolam (Versed)?

A

Benzodiazepine

345
Q

What does diazepam (Valium) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 4-40mg/day

346
Q

What does chlorodiazepoxide (Librium) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 15-100mg/day

347
Q

What does clonazepam (Klonopin)treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 1-8mg/day

348
Q

What does temazepam (Restoril) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 15-60mg/day

349
Q

What does lorazepam (Ativan) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 1.5-6mg/day

350
Q

What does alprazolam (Xanax) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 0.5-6mg/day

351
Q

What does triazolam (Halciun) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 0.125-0.5mg/day

352
Q

What does midazolam (Versed) treat, and how is it delivered?

A

Anxiety, pre-measured injectable

353
Q

What are the brand names for hydroxyzine?

A

Atarax and Vistaril

354
Q

What is the generic name for Atarax and Vistaril?

A

Hydroxyzine

355
Q

What does hydroxyzine (Atarax and Vistaril) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

30-200mg/day

356
Q

In addition to insomnia, what does diphenhydramine (Benadryl) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 75-200mg/day (3-8 pills)

357
Q

What is the brand name for propranolol?

A

Inderal

358
Q

What is the generic name for Inderal?

A

Propranolol

359
Q

What does propranolol (Inderal) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 20-160mg/day

360
Q

What is the brand name for atenolol?

A

Tenormin

361
Q

What is the generic name for Tenormin?

A

Atenolol

362
Q

What type of drug is atenolol (Tenormin)?

A

Beta blocker

363
Q

What does atenolol (Tenormin) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 25-100mg/day

364
Q

What are the brand names for clonidine?

A

Kapvay and Catapres

365
Q

What is the generic name for Kapvay and Catapres?

A

Clonidine

366
Q

When used to treat anxiety, what is the dosage for clonidine (Kapvay and Catapres)?

A

0.2-0.9mg/day

367
Q

When used to treat ADHD, what is the dosage for clonidine (Kapvay and Catapres)?

A

0.15-0.4mg/day

368
Q

When used to treat anxiety, what is the dosage of doxepin (Silenor)?

A

3-25mg/day

369
Q

What is the brand name for prazosin?

A

Minipress

370
Q

What is the generic name for Minipress?

A

Prazosin

371
Q

What does prazosin (Minipress) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Anxiety, 10-20mg/day

372
Q

Can someone die from benzodiazepine withdrawal?

A

Yes

373
Q

How long does it take to safely wean someone off benzodiazepines without encountering withdrawal symptoms?

A

A very long time. Don’t decrease dosage by more than 5-10% per week.

374
Q

What is the risk of combining alcohol and anxiety medications, especially benzodiazepines?

A

They can have an additive depressive effect (they’re both downers), and therefore people can have respiratory depression or even become comatose.

375
Q

What are neuroleptics?

A

First-generation antipsychotics

376
Q

What two antipsychotic medications are most likely to cause sedation?

A

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and clozapine (Clozaril)

377
Q

What three antipsychotic medications are most likely to cause extrapyramidal effects?

A

Fluphenazine (Prolixin), haloperidol (Haldol), and pimozide (Orap)

378
Q

What two antipsychotic medications are most likely to cause anticholinergic effects?

A

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and clozapine (Clozaril)

379
Q

Do first- or second-generation antipsychotics have more side effects?

A

First-generation antipsychotics

380
Q

What two antipsychotic medications are most likely to cause metabolic effects?

A

Clozapine (Clozaril) and olanzapine (Zyprexa)

381
Q

What is rapid neuroleptization?

A

The use of high doses of antipsychotic medications

382
Q

Do most patients with schizophrenia need to be treated for life?

A

No. They can discontinue medications 1 year after symptom remission.

383
Q

What is the brand name for chlorpromazine?

A

Thorazine

384
Q

What is the brand name for fluphenazine?

A

Prolixin

385
Q

What is the brand name for haloperidol?

A

Haldol

386
Q

What is the brand name for loxapine?

A

Loxitane

387
Q

What is the brand name for perphenazine?

A

Trilafon

388
Q

What is the brand name for pimozide?

A

Orap

389
Q

What is the brand name for aripiprazole?

A

Abilify

390
Q

What is the brand name for asenapine?

A

Saphris

391
Q

What is the brand name for brexpiprazole?

A

Rexulti

392
Q

What is the brand name for cariprazine?

A

Vraylar

393
Q

What is the brand name for clozapine?

A

Clozaril

394
Q

What is the brand name for iloperidone?

A

Fanapt

395
Q

What is the brand name for lurasidone?

A

Latuda

396
Q

What is the brand name for olanzapine?

A

Zyprexa

397
Q

What is the brand name for paliperidone?

A

Invega

398
Q

What is the brand name for risperidone?

A

Risperidal

399
Q

What is the brand name for ziprasidone?

A

Geodon

400
Q

What is the generic name for Thorazine?

A

Chlorpromazine

401
Q

What is the generic name for Prolixin?

A

Fluphenazine

402
Q

What is the generic name for Haldol?

A

Haloperidol

403
Q

What is the generic name for Loxitane?

A

Loxapine

404
Q

What is the generic name for Trilafon?

A

Perphenazine

405
Q

What is the generic name for Orap?

A

Pimozide

406
Q

What is the generic name for Ability?

A

Aripiprazole

407
Q

What is the generic name for Saphris?

A

Asenapine

408
Q

What is the generic name for Rexulti?

A

Brexpiprazole

409
Q

What is the generic name for Vraylar?

A

Cariprazine

410
Q

What is the generic name for Clozaril?

A

Clozapine

411
Q

What is the generic name for Fanapt?

A

Iloperidone

412
Q

What is the generic name for Latuda?

A

Lurasidone

413
Q

What is the generic name for Zyprexa?

A

Olanzapine

414
Q

What is the generic name for Invega?

A

Paliperidone

415
Q

What is the generic name for Risperdal?

A

Risperidone

416
Q

What is the generic name for Geodon?

A

Ziprasidone

417
Q

What type of medication is chlorpromazine (Thorazine)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

418
Q

What type of medication is fluphenazine (Prolixin)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

419
Q

What type of medication is loxapine (Loxitane)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

420
Q

What type of medication is perphenazine (Trilafon)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

421
Q

What type of medication is pimozide (Orap)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

422
Q

What type of medication is aripiprazole (Abilify)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

423
Q

What type of medication is asenapine (Saphris)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

424
Q

What type of medication is brexpiprazole (Rexulti)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

425
Q

What type of medication is cariprazine (Vraylar)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

426
Q

What type of medication is clozapine (Clozaril)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

427
Q

What type of medication is iloperidone (Fanapt)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

428
Q

What type of medication is lurasidone (Latuda)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

429
Q

What type of medication is olanzapine (Zyprexa)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

430
Q

What type of medication is paliperidone (Invega)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

431
Q

What type of medication is quetiapine (Seroquel)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

432
Q

What type of medication is risperidone (Risperdal)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

433
Q

What type of medication is ziprasidone (Geodon)?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic

434
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for chlorpromazine (Thorazine)?

A

50-1500mg/day

435
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for fluphenazine (Prolixin)?

A

3-45mg/day

436
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for haloperidol (Haldol)?

A

2-40mg/day

437
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for perphenazine (Trilafon)?

A

8-60mg/day

438
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for loxapine (Loxitane)?

A

50-250mg/day

439
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for pimozide (Orap)?

A

1-10mg/day

440
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for aripiprazole (Abilify)?

A

10-30mg/day

441
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for asenapine (Saphris)?

A

5-20mg/day

442
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for brexpiprazole (Rexulti)?

A

0.5-4mg/day

443
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for cariprazine (Vraylar)?

A

1.5-6mg/day

444
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for clozapine (Clozaril)?

A

300-900mg/day

445
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for iloperidone (Fanapt)?

A

12-24mg/day

446
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for lurasidone (Latuda)?

A

40-80mg/day

447
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for olanzapine (Zyprexa)?

A

5-20mg/day

448
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for paliperidone (Invega)?

A

3-12mg/day

449
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for quetiapine (Seroquel)?

A

300-750mg/day

450
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for risperidone (Risperdal)?

A

4-16mg/day

451
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for ziprasidone (Geodon)?

A

40-160mg/day

452
Q

True or false: there are medications that can be taken to reduce the Parkinson’s-like and anticholinergic side effects of antipsychotic medications?

A

True.

453
Q

What is the brand name for thioridazine?

A

Mellaril

454
Q

What is the generic name for Mellaril?

A

Thioridazine

455
Q

What type of medication is thioridazine (Mellaril)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

456
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for thioridazine (Mellaril)?

A

150-800mg/day

457
Q

What is the brand name for trifluoperazine?

A

Stelazine

458
Q

What is the generic name for Stelazine?

A

Trifluoperazine

459
Q

What type of medication is trifluoperazine (Stelazine)?

A

First-generation antipsychotic

460
Q

What is the appropriate dosage for trifluoperazine (Stelazine)?

A

10-40mg/day

461
Q

What is folic acid used to treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Mood disorders, 400-500mg/day

462
Q

What is ginkgo biloba used to treat, and what is its dosage?

A

Cognitive impairment (like memory loss), 30-240mg/day

463
Q

What is yohimbine used to treat, and what adverse psychological effects might it cause?

A

It is used to treat erective dysfunction, but it causes anxiety.

464
Q

What is kava kava used to treat?

A

Anxiety

465
Q

What form of ketamine is FDA-approved for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression?

A

Esketamine (injectable)

466
Q

What is the chemical name for MDMA?

A

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

467
Q

How can you mitigate the discontinuation side effects from psychiatric medications?

A

Slowly decrease the dose over multiple months instead of going cold turkey

468
Q

What is the only common psychiatric disorder that usually requires lifelong medication?

A

Bipolar disorder

469
Q

How does dosing in pre-pubescent children relate to adult dosing, and why?

A

It’s generally the same because young children have a very high drug metabolism rate.

470
Q

Why might children who are stable on a medication experience increased side effects when they enter puberty?

A

In puberty, children’s drug metabolism slows down significantly, so side effects may increase.

471
Q

What is an off-label drug?

A

A drug that is not approved by the FDA

472
Q

What 3 types of stimulants are used to treat ADHD?

A

Methyphenidates, dextroamphetamines, and amphetamines

473
Q

What is the brand name for dextroamphetamine?

A

Dexedrine

474
Q

What is the generic name for Dexedrine?

A

Dextroamphetamine

475
Q

What type of drug is dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)?

A

Stimulant

476
Q

What does dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

ADHD, 5-40mg/day

477
Q

When used to treat ADHD, what is the appropriate dosage for lisdexamphetamine (Vyvanse)?

A

30-70mg/day

478
Q

What is the brand name for dexmethylphenidate?

A

Focalin

479
Q

What is the generic name for Focalin?

A

Dexmethylphenidate

480
Q

What does dexmethylphenidate (Focalin) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

ADHD, 5-20mg/day

481
Q

What class of stimulant is Adderall?

A

Amphetamine

482
Q

What does Adderall treat, and what is its dosage?

A

ADHD, 5-40mg/day

483
Q

What class of stimulant is Ritalin?

A

Methylphenidate

484
Q

What does Ritalin treat, and what is its dosage?

A

ADHD, 10-60mg/day

485
Q

Metadate and Methylin are brand names for what drug?

A

Methylphenidates

486
Q

Metadate and Methylin treat what, and what is their dosage?

A

ADHD, 10-60mg/day

487
Q

What are the brand names for guanfacine?

A

Tenex and Intuniv

488
Q

What is the generic name for Intuniv and Tenex?

A

Guanfacine

489
Q

What does guanfacine (Intuniv and Tenex) treat, and what is its dosage?

A

ADHD, 0.25-1mg/day

490
Q

What two antidepressants can be used to treat ADHD?

A

Bupropion (Wellbutrin) and atomoxetine (Strattera)

491
Q

Is sadness or irritability more common in youth with depression?

A

Irritability

492
Q

Do antidepressants increase suicidality in youth?

A

They increase suicidal ideation and actions, but not actual suicides.

493
Q

True or false: most children with bipolar mania can be treated with one mood stabilizer.

A

False. Most need two.

494
Q

What is a notable negative drug interaction for female patients on carbamazepine (Tegretol and Equetro) or oxazepine?

A

Carbamazepine and oxazepine reduce the body’s ability to process birth control pills and can render them ineffective.

495
Q

What class of drugs is best for OCD treatment in youth?

A

SSRIs

496
Q

What is drug bioavailability?

A

The amount of the drug that actually reaches systemic circulation (represented as a %)

497
Q

What risks might a patient run if they switch from a brand medication to a generic medication?

A

A decrease in bioavailability, even at the same dose, because of differences in manufacturing practices

498
Q

What does it mean if a drug has an enteral route of administration?

A

It involves the GI system (oral and rectal)

499
Q

What does it mean if a drug has a parenteral route of administration?

A

It does not involve the GI system (IV, IM, inhalation, transdermal, and through the mucous membranes)

500
Q

True or false: most psychiatric drugs do not cross the placenta and affect the fetus.

A

False. Most drugs do cross the placenta.

501
Q

True or false: some psychiatric medications can cause teratogenesis in fetuses.

A

True.

502
Q

What is important to consider in geriatric psychopharmacology?

A

They’re often on a lot of drugs, so make sure to be aware of drug-drug interactions and whether psych symptoms are a result of side effects from other drugs or are their own individual diagnosis.

503
Q

Which three benzodiazepines are safest to use in elderly patients?

A

Oxazepam (Serax), lorazepam (Ativan), and temazepam (Restoril)

504
Q

Which three benzodiazepines are riskiest to use in elderly patients?

A

Diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and flurazepam (Dalmane)

505
Q

Dosage of elderly patients is often at what percentage of dosage in younger patients?

A

30-50% that of younger patients

506
Q
A

Crisis Intervention, Diagnostics, and Psychopharmacology (3 decks)

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