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A Level Psychology COPY > Psychopathology Theories > Flashcards

Psychopathology Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormity-Statistical Infrequency

A

Any unusual or “strange” characteristic that is not the norm would be abnormal

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2
Q

Abnormity-Statistical Infrequency -Evaluation

A

+Has real life applications in the diagnosis of some conditions

  • Usual characteristics can be seen as positive
  • Not everyone benefits from being labelled-low self esteem
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3
Q

Abnormity-Deviation from Social Norms

A

Any behaviour that does not fit into what society views as “normal” or acceptable will be called abnormal

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4
Q

Abnormity-Deviation from Social Norms-Evaluation

A

+Has a real life application is diagnosis APD sufferers

  • Not a sole explanation of abnormity-can be combined with others
  • Culture based
  • Can lead to human rights abuses
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5
Q

Abnormity-Failure to Function Adequately

A

This occurs when someone cannot cope with the demands of everyday life

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6
Q

Abnormity-Failure to Function Adequately-Rosenham and Seligman

A

According to Rosenham and Seligman, we are no longer functioning adequately when:

  • We no longer cornform to standard interpersonal rules
  • We experience severe personal distress
  • Our behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to ourselves and/or others
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7
Q

Abnormity-Failure to Function Adequately-Evaluation

A

+ Patients Perspective-Diagnosis includes their experiences

  • Is it just a deviation from social norms?
  • Diagnosis based on a subjective judgement done by the psychiatrist
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8
Q

Abnormity-Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

A

Occurs when we are not Psychologically Healthy

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9
Q

Abnormity-Deviation from Ideal Mental Health-Jahoda

A

According to Jahoda, we are in good mental health if we:

  • Have no symptoms or distress
  • Are rational and can accurately perceive ourselves
  • Reach our potential
  • Can cope with stress
  • Have a realistic view of the world
  • Have good self-esteem and lack guilt
  • Can successfully work, love and enjoy our leisure
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10
Q

Abnormity-Deviation from Ideal Mental Health-Evaluation

A

+ Its a comprehensive definition-broad range of criteria

  • Culturally biased- based on western individualist cultures
  • Jahoda sets an unrealistic standard for good mental health
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11
Q

Phobia-Behavioural-Panic

A

Phobics may panic in response to the presence of the phobic stimulus, and shows behaviours that include crying, screaming or running way

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12
Q

Phobias-Behavioural-Avoidance

A

They will tend to go to extreme lengths to avoid the phobic stimulus. This can make it hard to go about everyday life

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13
Q

Phobias-Behavioural-Endurance

A

Sufferer remains in the presence of stimulus for a long time, but experiences high anxiety. This is unavoidable in some circumstances

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14
Q

Phobias-Emotional-Anxiety

A

This is what Phobics feel when in the presence of their phobic stimulus. It an unpleasant state of high arousal

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15
Q

Phobias-Emotional-Unreasonable Responses

A

The emotions that they feel go beyond what is reasonable. EG: Strong emotional reactions to a very small spider

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16
Q

Phobias-Cognitive-Selective Attention

A

Phobias cannot look away from the phobic stimulus, this is not useful if the fear is irrational

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17
Q

Phobias-Cognitive-Irrational Beliefs

A

Phobic hold irrational beliefs to phobic stimuli

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18
Q

Phobias-Cognitive-Cognitive Distortions

A

Phobics perceptions of the phobic stimulus is distorted : Ophidiophoboc may see snakes as alien and aggressive

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19
Q

Depression-Behavioural- Activity Levels

A

They had reduced energy levels, they withdraw from work, education and social life. However, it can have the opposite effect, called the Psychomotor Agitation, where they struggle to relax and end up pacing up and down a room

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20
Q

Depression-Behavioural-Sleep and Eating

A

They can experience insomnia or hypersomnia. Also, their appetite may increase or decrease

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21
Q

Depression-Behavioural-Aggression or Self Harm

A

They can become verbally or physically aggressive. They could also experience aggression against the self, like cutting or suicide attempts

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22
Q

Depression-Emotional-Lowered Mood

A

They have described themselves as worthless or empty. This is a very low mood

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23
Q

Depression-Emotional-Anger

A

They frequently experience anger, which can be directed at the self or others

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24
Q

Depression-Emotional-Lowered Self Esteem

A

They can experience seriously low self esteem, with some people saying that they hate themselves

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25
Q

Depression-Cognitive- Poor Concentration

A

They find it hard to stick to a task, or to make decisions that we find straightforward.

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26
Q

Depression-Cognitive-Attending and Dwelling on the Negative

A

They pay more attention to negative things more than positive things. They also find it easier to recall negative memories

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27
Q

Depression-Cognitive-Absolutist Thinking

A

They think in “black and white”. Either it’s all good or all bad

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28
Q

OCD-Behavioural-Repetitive Compulsions

A

They feel compelled to repeat a certain behaviour, e.g: Counting

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29
Q

OCD-Behavioural-Compulsions reduce Anxiety

A

The vast majority of compulsive behaviours are performed to manage the anxiety produced by obsessions. e.g: Compulsive hand washing is done as a response to an obsessive fear of germs

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30
Q

OCD-Behavioural-Avoidance

A

They manage their OCD by avoiding all situations that could trigger the anxiety. However, this can sometimes be unavoidable, and can interfere with a persons daily life

31
Q

OCD-Emotional-Anxiety and Distress

A

Powerful anxiety accompanies both obsessions and compulsions. The urge to complete a behaviour creates anxiety. Obsessive thoughts are unpleasant and frightening

32
Q

OCD-Emotional-Accompanying Depression

A

It can be accompanied by depression, anxiety brings low mood and a lack of enjoyment in activities

33
Q

OCD-Emotional-Guilt and Disgust

A

OCD can involve other negative emotions, such as guilt and disgust. This can be directed against something external or at the self

34
Q

OCD-Cognitive-Obsessive Thoughts

A

They have reoccurring obsessive thoughts, which can be frightening. e.g: Recurring worries of being contaminated by dirt

35
Q

OCD-Cognitive-Cognitive Strategies

A

They respond to their obsessions by adopting coping strategies. e.g: Constant praying. This can help them reduce anxiety, but interferes with their daily life

36
Q

OCD-Cognitive-Excessive Anxiety

A

OCD sufferers know that their obsessions and compulsions are not rational. but they experience catastrophic thoughts about the worst case scenario. They also tend to maintain constant awareness and keep focused on potential hazards

37
Q

Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias-Two Process Model-Acquisition

A

A phobia can be acquired by classical conditioning. We learn to associate something that we don’t have a phobia of with something that already triggers a fear. We are then scared of the thing that we are not scared off

38
Q

Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias-Two Process Model-Maintenance

A

Phobia responses can be maintained by operant conditioning. We avoid the phobic stimulus (negative reinforcement) to prevent the fear response. This reinforces this behaviour. The reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour, so the phobia is maintained

39
Q

Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias-Two Process Model-Evaluation

A

+Good explanatory power- can be linked to therapy

  • Alternative Explanation to avoidance behaviour- Avoidance is motivated by anxiety reduction
  • Incomplete explanation- We may of adapted to have phobias of certain things. Not all phobias can be acquired by conditioning
40
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Systematic Desensitization

A

It is a behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce anxiety through classical conditioning. If they can learn to relax in the presence of the phobic stimulus, they are cured. There are 3 processes involved in Systematic Desensitization

41
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Systematic Desensitization Processes-Anxiety Hierarchy

A

It is put together by the patient and therapist. It is a list of situations related to the phobic stimulus that provoke anxiety arranged from least to most frightening. Also known as a Hierarchy of Fear. Going through this hierarchy is how Systematic Desensitization works

42
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Systematic Desensitization Processes-Relaxation

A

The patient is taught to relax as deeply as possible. They can only move on the next stage of their anxiety hierarchy if they are relaxed and calm

43
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Systematic Desensitization Processes-Exposure

A

While in a relaxed state, they are exposed to their phobic stimulus. This will take a few sessions, starting from the bottom of the anxiety hierarchy and working up. Treatment is successful if they can stay relaxed at the top of their anxiety hierarchy

44
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Systematic Desensitization -Evaluation

A

+Effective-Gilroy Study
+Suitable for a diverse range of patients-children and those with learning difficulties
+Patients accept it-Low refusal rates
-Not cost-effective and could take a long time

45
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Flooding

A

It involves exposing the phobic to the phobic stimulus without a gradual build up via a anxiety hierarchy. It involves immediate exposure to a very frightening situation

46
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Flooding-How?

A

Flooding stops phobic responses quickly. This is because, without avoidance behaviour, they cannot avoid the situation and soon learn that it is harmless. In classical conditioning, this is called extinction. In some causes, they might become relaxed because they become exhausted by their fear response

47
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Flooding-Ethics

A

Flooding can produce ethical issues as it is an unpleasant experience. The patients consent is required beforehand. Normally, they will have a choice between Systematic Desensitization and Flooding

48
Q

Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias-Flooding-Evaluation

A

+Cost effective-it could be done in one session

  • Less effective for some types of phobias- social phobias
  • Traumatic experience- time and money can be wasted if the participant refuses to continue or start their treatment
49
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Becks Cognitive Theory -Faulty Information Triad

A

We attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore positives. We also tend to blow small problems out of proportion and think in black and white thinking

50
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Becks Cognitive Theory -Negative Self-Schemas

A

If we have negative self schemas, we interpret all information about ourselves in a negative way

51
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Becks Cognitive Theory-The Negative Triad

A

Three types of negative thoughts that occur automatically, regardless of what is happening. When we are depressed, these negative thoughts come to up. These thought are
1-Negative view of the World
2-Negative view of the Future
3-Negative view of the Self

52
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Becks Cognitive Theory-Evaluation

A

+Good Supporting research-Clark and Beck and Grazioli and Terry
+Practical Application-Can be used in CBT
-Doesn’t explain all types of depression- Depression is complex and comes in many different types

53
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Ellis’s ABC Model

A

According to Ellis, anxiety and depression are the result of Irrational thoughts. The ABC model is used to explain how rational thoughts affect our behaviour and emotional state

54
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Ellis’s ABC Model-A

A

A-Activating Event. An irrational thought is triggered by external events. These events are normally a negative one that we experience

55
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Ellis’s ABC Model-B

A

B-Beliefs. We then experience irrational beliefs. For example “I-Can’t-Stand-It’s” is a belief that Beck named, and it is a belief that it is a major disaster whenever something does not go smoothly

56
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Ellis’s ABC Model-C

A

C-Consequences. The activating event triggers the irrational belief. The consequence of this, according to Beck is depression and a change in behaviour and/or emotional state

57
Q

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression-Ellis’s ABC Model-Evaluation

A

-Partial Explanation-only works for some types of depression
+Practical Application-Can be used in CBT
-Doesn’t explain all aspects of Depression- hallucinations or delusions

58
Q

Cognitive Approach to Treating Depression-Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

A

CBT is the most commonly used treatment for depression. One of the central tasks is to identify where there might be negative or irrational thoughts that will benefit from being challenged. Most CBT treatment involves a mixture of Becks and Ellis’s way to treat depression

59
Q

Cognitive Approach to Treating Depression-Becks Cognitive Therapy

A

This challenges the thoughts in the negative triad. Also this CBT aims to test the reality of a persons irrational beliefs. This might involve the patient doing a diary of when people were nice to them. This evidence can be used in later sessions

60
Q

Cognitive Approach to Treating Depression-Ellis’s REBT

A

REBT Extends the ABC model to ABCDE, D-Dispute E-Effect. This main technique is to identify and challenge the negative thoughts. This is done through a vigorous argument, a sort of self talk

61
Q

Cognitive Approach to Treating Depression-Evaluation

A

+Effective-March Study

  • CBT may not work in severe cases of depression
  • Success can be down to therapist patient relationship
62
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Genetics

A

Certain genes can make a person more vulnerable to getting OCD. According to the Diathesis-Stress model, some genes make someone more vulnerable, but some environmental stress is needed to cause the condition

63
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Genetics-Candidate Genes

A

Some genes that create a vulnerability for OCD. An example is 5H1-D, which regulates serotonin transportation

64
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Genetics-Polygenic

A

There are several genes that are involved in the creation of OCD

65
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Genetics-Different Types of OCD

A

The genes that cause OCD in one person may not cause it in an another person. This is known as Aetiologically Heterogeneous-The origin has different causes

66
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Genetics-Evaluation

A

+Good Supporting Evidence-Nestadt study

  • Too many candidate genes-Provides little predictive value
  • Environment-Cromer Study-Suggests that the environment plays a part
67
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Neural-Serotonin

A

Some cases of OCD can be explained by a reduction in the functioning of the serotonin system, which regulates mood

68
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Neural-Decision-Making

A

Some cases of OCD can be caused by abnormal functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain. This part of the brain is responsible for decision making. Also the Parahippocampalgyrus can function abnormally. The Parahippocampalgyrus is associated with unpleasant emotions

69
Q

Biological Approach to Explaining OCD-Neural-Evaluation

A

+Some Supporting Evidence-Nestasdt Study

  • Not clear which mechanisms are involved-We cannot understand it
  • We should not assume that neural mechanisms cause OCD-They could be a result of OCD, Not the cause
70
Q

Biological Approach to Treating OCD-Drug Therapy-SSRI

A

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) is a type of anti-depressant that works on the serotonin system on the brain. SSRI’s increase the levels of serotonin by preventing the re-absorption and breakdown of serotonin. SSRI’s simulate the postsynaptic neuron. It compensates for whatever is at fault in the serotonin system that caused the OCD

71
Q

Biological Approach to Treating OCD-Drug Therapy-Combining SSRI

A

SSRI’s can be used with CBT. SSRI reduces the patients anxiety making them engage more effectively with CBT

72
Q

Biological Approach to Treating OCD-Drug Therapy-Alternatives to SSRI-Tricyclic

A

Tricyclic have the same effect as SSRI’s do, but have more side effects. They are normally used for patients that don’t respond to SSRI’s

73
Q

Biological Approach to Treating OCD-Drug Therapy-Alternatives to SSRI-SNRI

A

SNRI (Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors) increase the levels of Serotonin and Noradrenaline. They are normally used for patients that don’t respond to SSRI’s

74
Q

Biological Approach to Treating OCD-Evaluation

A

+Drug Therapy is effective
+Drugs are cost effective and non-disruptive
-Drugs can have side effects
-Unreliable evidence for drug treatments

A Level Psychology COPY (32 decks)

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