Psychopathology: Introduction and Historical Context (CHAP 1)

Question 1

definition of a psychological
disorder (scientific)

Answer 1

“A Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with duress or impairment in functioning, and a response that is not typically or culturally accepted.”

Question 2

Science is (at least a good part of it) is

Answer 2

socially constructed

Question 3

Social Constructivist Theory

Answer 3

Idea that learning is collaborative - it is built upon another’s contribution, and people build constructs and agree upon them (group, culture, etc)

Question 4

A clear and complete insight into the nature of madness, a correct and distinct conception of what constitutes the difference between _________ has, as far as I know, not been found.

Answer 4

sane and the insane (Schopenhaur)

Question 5

Making a clear defiinition of psychology is

Answer 5

Controversial

Question 6

______ is the scientific study of psychological disorders

Answer 6

Psychopathology

Question 7

the overall definition of a psychological
disorder is not ___________

Answer 7

universally agreed on

Question 8

statistical infrequency or violation of social norms

Answer 8

Abnormality

Question 9

the issues relating distress to individuals in psychological disorders is

Answer 9

highly functional people may be struggling
significantly inside but are resilient

Question 10

Consumer of science
* Enhancing the practice
Evaluator of practice
* Determining the
effectiveness of the
practice
Creator of science
* Conducting research
that leads to new
procedures useful
in practice

Answer 10

Scientistpractitioner

Question 11

Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work and are therefore referred
to as

Answer 11

scientist-practitioners

Question 12

What is a psychological dysfunction?

Answer 12

“Cognitive, behavioural or emotion breakdown in functioning” , is it a spectrum as well!!!

Question 13

This course and the text has a ____ towards evidence‐based
assessment and treatment

Answer 13

bias

Question 14

entering a trance is considered _______ in some
cultures but not in others, so we do not label it as dysfunctional

Answer 14

atypical (atypical or not culturally expected)

Question 15

Dysfunction – controllability?
▪ Widiger and Sankis (2000) suggest that whether it is beyond your
_____ should be considered

Answer 15

control

Question 16

why the patient is seeking help

Answer 16

Presenting problem

Question 17

How many people have the disorder

Answer 17

Prevalence

Question 18

How many new cases occur within a period

Answer 18

Incidence

Question 19

Proportion of males and females with a particular disorder

Answer 19

Sex Ratio

Question 20

at what age a disorder typically presents

Answer 20

Age of Onset

Question 21

the pattern of symptoms across time (chronic, episodic)

Answer 21

Course

Question 22

anticipated course of the disorder

Answer 22

Prognosis

Question 23

Why a disorder begins

Answer 23

Etiology

Question 24

Cutting holes in the skull to let evil spirits out

Answer 24

Trephination

Question 25

Approach to disorders with (Chemical, genetic, structural theories)

Answer 25

Biological

Question 26

Approach to disorders with (Psychoanalytic, behavioural, humanist)
Integrative Approaches

Answer 26

Psychological

Question 27

Measuring the correlation between factors, symptoms, etc
“Measuring two variables and assessing the relationship between them, with no manipulation of an independent variable”
(Correlation =/= Causation, does not differentiate which causes the other or if they are in tandem)

Answer 27

Correlational Etiology

Question 28

Father of Modern Medicine

Answer 28

Hippocrates

Believed psychological disorders probably occurred in the brain
Humoral Theory: Brain functioning affected by four fluids in the body (depression = black bile)
Excesses were addressed with blood-letting, temperature therapy
Other cultures like Traditional Chinese Medicine aligned similarly in that it focuses on imbalance of supernatural energy
Also believed there could be Psychosomatic causes of medical illness without apparent physical causes (eg; hysterical blindness)

Question 29

The “talking cure”

Answer 29

psychoanalysis

Question 30

Anna Freud

Answer 30

Her approach used Freud’s ideas but presented them in a slightly different way, that abnormal behaviour is still due to the ego being deficient but not by purely “sexual” drives. Believed struggle or any conflict could lead to this abnormal behaviour.

Question 31

▪ Originated from Freud’s drive theory (importance of biological
drives that people must control to adapt to society)
▪ The unconscious conflict between the id and superego get re‐
enacted throughout a person’s life
▪ Core interpersonal conflicts are repeated in the relationship with
the therapist (transference)
▪ Across STPPs, focus is on becoming aware of unconscious
processes, and re‐enacting troublesome issues in relationship
with therapist
▪ Brief: 16‐30 sessions
▪ More active and GOAL‐DIRECTED than psychoanalytic

Answer 31

Short‐term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
(STPP)

Question 32

▪ Address interpersonal problems that underlie
depression
▪ Stems from interpersonal theories of psychodynamic
theory (Sullivan) but doesn’t focus on relation to id,
ego…
▪ Develop more effective communication patterns and
more realistic expectations about relationships
▪ Empirically supported therapy for depression (Cuijpers
et al., 2011; Cuijpers, Karyotaki, de Wit & Ebert, 2020

Answer 32

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) for
Depression

Question 33

Your nature (archetypes) is present from birth, and your environment brings it out; fundamentally believes people have a positive orientation to grow, set goals, etc

Answer 33

Carl Jung:

Question 34

Uses information about relationships to alter intrapsychic variables

Answer 34

Intrapsychic

Question 35

Explicitly attempts to alter relationship functioning

Answer 35

Interpersonal

Question 36

very little technique, mainly empathy, and to have unconditional positive regard (always be supportive and positive in moving forward with what works to improve their conditio

Answer 36

“Person-Centred Therapy” Carl Rogers

Question 37

Largely present focused, but also emotion focused
Feelings and emotional experiences can cause client to be stuck
A lot of “What do you feel” , and trying to connect it to issues they are experiencing

Answer 37

Les Greenberg and Emotion-Focused Therapy