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z - pyschology paper one > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is statistical infrequency?

A

occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic, eg low IQ and intellectual disability disorder

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2
Q

what is deviation from social norms?

A

behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society, can change depending on the culture

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3
Q

what is failure to function adequately?

A

occurs when someone is unable to cope with the demands of day to day living

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4
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

occurs when someone is unable to meet the criteria for good mental health

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5
Q

what are Jahoda’s criteria for ideal mental health?

A

have no symptoms or distress, rational and accurately perceive ourselves, self actualise, can cope with stress, have a realistic view of the world, have good self esteem, lack guilt, independent of other people, successfully work, love and enjoy leisure

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6
Q

what is a phobia?

A

an irrational fear of an object or situation

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7
Q

what is a specific phobia?

A

phobia of an object or situation, eg flying or snakes

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8
Q

what is social anxiety?

A

phobia of a social situation such as public speaking

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9
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A

phobia of being outside or in a public place

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10
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A

panic, avoidance, endurance

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11
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

anxiety, fear, unreasonable emotional response

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12
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A

selective attention to phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions

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13
Q

what is depression?

A

a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

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14
Q

what are behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

changes to activity levels, disruption to sleep and eating behaviours, aggression and self harm

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15
Q

what are emotional characteristics of depression?

A

lowered mood, anger, lowered self esteem

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16
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

poor concentration, dwelling on the negatives, absolutist thinking

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17
Q

what is obsessive compulsive disorder?

A

condition characterised by obsessions and/or compulsive behaviour

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18
Q

what are behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

repetitive compulsions, compulsions to reduce anxiety, avoidance

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19
Q

what are emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

anxiety and distress, accompanying depression, guilt and disgust

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20
Q

what are cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

obsessive thoughts, cognitive coping strategies, excessive anxiety

21
Q

who proposed the behavioural approach to treating phobias?

A

Mowrer

22
Q

what does the behavioural process to treating phobias suggest?

A

phobias are learned by classical conditioning and then continue due to operant conditioning

23
Q

how are phobias acquired by classical conditioning?

A

learn to associate something which we initially have no fear of with something that triggers a fear response

24
Q

which researchers were involved in the case study of Little Albert?

A

Watson and Rayner

25
Q

what happened in the case study of Little Albert?

A

Albert, a 9 month year old baby, showed no unusual anxiety at the start of the study. tried to play with the little white rat. then exposed to a noise (us) leading to fear(ur), encountered the rat (ns) at the same time as the noise (us) these become associated together and the rat eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response

26
Q

how are fears maintained by operant conditioning?

A

Mowrer suggests that when we avoid a phobic stimulus we escape the fear and anxiety that we would have experienced if we remained there- reduction in fear reinforces avoidance behaviour so phobia is maintained

27
Q

what is systematic desensitisation?

A

behavioural therapy designed to reduce phobic anxiety by classical conditioning known as counterconditioning. anxiety hierarchy put together then the client is taught relaxation techniques- reciprocal inhibition means that people cannot be relaxed and calm at the same time, then exposure means that the client gets exposed to the stimulus in a relaxed state

28
Q

what is flooding?

A

flooding quickly stops phobic responses as without the option of avoidance, extinction occurs and they learn that the phobic stimulus is harmless

29
Q

what is Beck’s cognitive approach to explaining depression?

A

faulty information processing- depressed people tend to the negatives of a situation
negative self schemas-interpret info about themselves in a negative way
negative triad- negative view of the world/the future/ themselves

30
Q

what is Ellis’ ABC model?

A

activating event- irrational thoughts are triggered by external events
beliefs- irrational beliefs
consequences- emotional and behavioural consequences

31
Q

what happens in Beck’s cognitive therapy?

A

identify the negative triad, test reality of negative beliefs- ‘client as scientist’ when set homework

32
Q

what happens in Ellis’ rational emotive behaviour therapy?

A

d stands for dispute, e stands for effect, identify and challenge irrational thoughts

33
Q

what types of arguments occur in REBT?

A

empirical argument= dispute whether there is evidence to support the negative belief
logical argument= dispute whether the negative thought logically follows from the facts

34
Q

what is behavioural activation?

A

work with individuals to decrease avoidance and isolation, increase in activities shown to improve mood eg exercising

35
Q

what did Lewis’ study of OCD show?

A

of his patients with OCD, 37% had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD, suggesting that a genetic vulnerability is passed on- OCD is due to the diatheses stress model

36
Q

what are candidate genes?

A

researchers have identified genes that create the vulnerability for OCD

37
Q

what does the COMT gene do?

A

regulates dopamine which is a neurotransmitter, people with OCD have abnormally high levels of dopamine

38
Q

what does the SERT gene do?

A

affects the transportation of serotonin so impacts its effects, OCD patients have lower levels of serotonin

39
Q

what does OCD being polygenic mean?

A

OCD is not caused by one gene but a combination of genetic variations that increase vulnerability

40
Q

what does the neural explanation for OCD suggest?

A

may be due to a reduction in the functioning of the serotonin system of the brain, also suggested to have impaired decision making- associated with abnormal functioning of the frontal lobes and left parahippocampal gyrus

41
Q

what are SSRIs?

A

antidepressent drug= selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

42
Q

how does serotonin work?

A

serotonin is released by the presynaptic neuron and travels across a synapse, neurotransmitter chemically conveys the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron, it is then reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron where it is broken down and reused

43
Q

how do SSRIs work?

A

prevent reabsorption and breakdown, increasing levels of serotonin in the synapse and continuing to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron

44
Q

what is a typical dose of SSRI?

A

fluoxetine, 20mg daily though this may be increased, can be taken as a liquid or capsule, 3 to 4 months of daily use to have an impact

45
Q

how can SSRIs be used with other treatments?

A

can be used alongside CBT

46
Q

what are the alternatives to SSRIs?

A

tricyclics- older form of antidepressant, acts on the serotonin system
SNRIs- antidepressant drugs, increase levels of serotonin as well as non-adrenaline

47
Q

how many genes does Taylor suggest may be involved with OCD?

A

230

48
Q

The cognitive approach to explaining depression: A03

2 positive, 1 negative

A

+ practical application - translates well into effective therapy
+ supporting evidence - Grazdi + Terry assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability more likely to suffer from PND - Beck may be right about cognition causing depression
- Reliability - Ellis’ model is a partial explanation of depression - only explains reactive depression

49
Q

The cognitive approach to treating depression: A03

3 negative

A
  • may not work for most severe cases of depression - lack stability + motivation required CBT - medication needed, CBT can’t be used alone
  • success may be due to therapist-patient relationship
  • some patients really want to explore their past - ‘present focus’ of CBT may ignore an important aspect of patients’ experience - does the ‘activating event’ deal with this?

z - pyschology paper one (7 decks)

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