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EPPP Psychopathology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

Exam

1
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Deficits determined by assessment
Deficits in adaptive functioning
Onset during developmental period

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2
Q

Level of severity

A

Mild, Moderate and Severe

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3
Q

Most common chromosomal causes

A

Down’s syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Fetal Alcohol syndrome

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4
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

Deficits in social communication
Restrictive or repetitive patterns
Deficits in adaptive functioning

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5
Q

ASD Levels

A

Level 1 requires support
Level 2 requires substantial support
Level 3 requires very substantial support

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6
Q

Prognosis Best

A

IQ over 70
Verbal before age 5
Absence of comorbid mental health issues

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7
Q

Frequencies

A

4 X’s more in males

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8
Q

Causes

A

Brain/neurotransmitter abnormalities
Structural abnormalities in cerebellum and amygdala
Lower than normal serotonin synthesis

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9
Q

ADHD

A 
Inattention and hyperactivity and impulsivity persisting 6 months
onset before age 12
Diagnosis requires at least 6 symtoms
0ver 17 requires 5 symptoms
2X's more common in males
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10
Q

ADHD brain abnormalities

A 
Smaller than normal
Prefrontal cortex
Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
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11
Q

Tic Disorders

A

“sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization

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12
Q

Tourette’s disorder

A

requires at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may occur together or at different times, may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than one year, and had an onset before 18 years of age

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13
Q

Tourette’s linked to

A

has been linked to dopamine overactivity, a smaller-than-normal caudate nucleus, and heredity

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14
Q

Treatment Tourette’s

A

Treatment may include an antipsychotic drug (e.g., haloperidol) and medication for comorbid conditions – e.g., serotonin for obsessive-compulsive symptoms and methylphenidate or clonidine for ADHD

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15
Q

Communication Disorders

A

Stuttering

Disturbance in normal fluency and time patterning of speech.

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16
Q

Specific Learning Disorder

A

Difficulties related to academic skills
5 to 15% have a specific learning disability
80% have reading disorder
dyslexia most common

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17
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder (BPD)

A

Symptoms for at least one day but less than a month.

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18
Q

BPD Symptoms

A

Delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech. Disorganized or catatonic behavior.

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19
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Symptoms for one month and less than 6 months.

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20
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder:symptoms

A

delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech
or catatonic behavior and negative symptoms
avolition, alogia, anhedonia.

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21
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Symptoms for at least on month and less than 6 months.

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22
Q

Schizophrenia Symptoms

A

Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech for at least 6 months.

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23
Q

Schizophrenia etiology

A

Genetic factors and neurotransmitter abnormalities.

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24
Q

Schizophrenia concordance rates

A

Parent 6%
biological sibling 9%
Child with one parent with schizophrenia 13%
Dizygotic (fraternal twin) 17%
Child with two parents with Schizophrenia 48%
Monozygotic (identical twin) 48%

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25
Q

Schizophrenia neurotransmitters

A

dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia - high levels of dopamine or hyperactivity of dopamine receptors.

Positive symptoms due to dopamine hyperactivity in subcortical regions of the brain especially in striatal areas.
Negative symptoms due to dopamine hyperactivity in cortical regions especially the prefrontal cortex.

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26
Q

Schizophrenia Brain abnormalities

A

enlarged ventricles and hypofrontality
lower than normal activity in the prefrontal cortex
dysfunction in the temporal-limbic-frontal network causes the negative symptoms

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27
Q

Schizophrenia comorbidity

A

Anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, tobacco use disorder

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28
Q

Onset, course and prognosis

A

Symptoms appear late teens and early 30’s.
Peak onset is early to mid 20’s for males
Late 20’s for females.
Psychotic symptoms decrease with age
Negative symptoms and cognitive symptoms persist
Better prognosis=female gender, acute and late onset of symptoms, comorbid mood symptoms especially depressive symptoms.
Predominately positive symptoms
anosognosia lack of insight to ones disorder is associated with non adherence to treatment and elevated risk for relapse.
Families high in expressed emotion are at risk for relapse.

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29
Q

Treatment

A

Antipsychotic medications, adjunctive medications, CBT
family psychoeducation and other interventions, assertive community treatment, supported employment and social skills training.

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30
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

requires concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode for most of the duration of the illness, but with the presence of delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks without mood symptoms.

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31
Q

Delusional disorder

A

the person have one or more delusions for a duration of at least one month and (b) the person’s overall functioning has not been markedly impaired except for any direct effects of the delusion

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32
Q

Delusional disorder subtypes

A

grandiose (the person believes he/she has great but unrecognized talent or insight); (c) jealous (the person believes his/her spouse or partner is unfaithful); (d) persecutory (the person believes he/she is being conspired against, spied on, poisoned, or maliciously maligned); and (e) somatic (the person’s delusion involves bodily functions or sensations).

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33
Q

Bi-Polar I

A

One manic episode followed by or preceded by major depressive or hypomanic episodes
Manic episode for at least one week
Depressive episode for at least two weeks

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34
Q

Bi-Polar II

A

One hypomanic and one depressive episode
Hypomanic must be at least a week.
Depressive episode for at least two weeks.

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35
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

Periods of hypomania and depression that do not meet the criteria for hypmania or major depression.

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36
Q

Etilogy of Bi-Polar

A

heredity, neurotransmitter and brain abnormalities
strong genetic component
Identical twins .67 to .1
dizygotic twins .20
Neurotransmitters that have been linked to bipolar disorder include norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate (Ayano, 2016), and structural and functional abnormalities have been found in several areas of the brain including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia

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37
Q

Treatment

A

pharmacotherapy may include lithium; valproate, carbamazepine, or other anticonvulsant drug; and/or a second-generation antipsychotic drug such as aripiprazole, olanzapine, or risperidone

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38
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

MDD 5 or more symptoms for at least two weeks.
one symptom being depressed mood and lost of interest and pleasure in most activities.
Persistent depressive disorder symptoms for at least two years in an adult and one year in a child.
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder 12 months with severe and recurrent temper outbursts

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39
Q

peripartum onset and with seasonal pattern

A

peripartum onset of symptoms during pregnancy

seasonal pattern temporal relationship between mood episodes and time of year.

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40
Q

Childhood

A

Rates similar for boys and girls
Rates for females increases during adolescence
Higher rates for females persists into adulthood 1.5 to 3x’s higher than males.

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41
Q

MDD etology

A

identical twins 50%
dizygotic twins 20%
has been kinked to lower-than-normal levels of norepinephrine and serotonin and increased levels of cortisol in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis
structural and functional abnormalities in the brain prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus.

42
Q

Behavioral and cognitive explanations

A
  1. Lewinsohn’s social reinforcement theory result of a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for social behaviors due to a lack of reinforcement in the environment and/or poor social skills.
  2. Seligman’s learned helplessness model links depression to repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative life events that results in a sense of helplessness, and a reformulated version stresses the role of a negative cognitive style that involves attributing negative life events to stable, internal, and global factors
  3. Beck’s (1974) cognitive theory attributes depression to a negative cognitive triad that consists of negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.
43
Q

Age related and cultural factors

A

younger adults genetics and stressful events
older adults chronic medical illness
non-western culture report somatic symptoms
chinese emphasize somatic symptoms
Euro Canadians emphasize psychological symptoms

44
Q

Treatment

A

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and other antidepressants.

cognitive-behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, behavioral activation therapy, problem-solving therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and emotion focused therapy

45
Q

Suicide

A

Suicide rate for males higher than females
Males 65 and older have the highest rates
Rates higher for American Indians and Alaskan Natives

46
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

excessive fear or anxiety of being separated from attachment figures.
Symptoms must last 4 weeks for children and adolescents and 6 months for adults.

47
Q

Treatment

A

CBT

School getting child back to school ASAP

48
Q

Specific phobia

A

Intense fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
Fear and anxiety must be out of proportion to the situation or object.
Onset in childhood with mean age is 10.
Mower’s two factor theory classical and operant conditioning.

49
Q

Specific phobia tx

A

Exposure and prevention

in vivo more effective

50
Q

Social anxiety disorder (Social Phobia)

A

Fear or anxiety reaction to at least one social situation.
Treatment is CBT
Exposure and response prevention

51
Q

Panic Disorder

A

one attack followed by one month concern of an additional attack.
Treatment is CBT with interoceptive exposure with relaxation
antidepressants (e.g., imipramine) and benzodiazepines
have been found to be useful

52
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear that escape will be difficult

Treatment in vivo exposure and response prevention

53
Q

GAD

A

Excessive anxiety or worry about multiple events
inability to control worrying
Treatment CBT
Antidepressants Buspar and benzodiazepines

54
Q

OCD

A

Recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are time consuming
Lower levels of Seratonin
elevated activity in several areas of the brain including the caudate nucleus, ­­­­­orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus
Male earlier age of onset in childhood
Females higher rate in adulthood.
Treatment exposure and response prevention.

55
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Preoccupation with perceived defect or flaw in personal appearance.

56
Q

Treatment

A 
pharmacotherapy and/or psychosocial interventions
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and other antidepressants
gnitive-behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, behavioral activation therapy, problem-solving therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and emotion focused therapy
57
Q

Suicide

A 
Males 3.6x's more than females
Males 65 and older highest rate
Females 45-54
Females 55-64
Highest rates for American Indians and Alaskan Natives
58
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Excessive fear and anxiety of being separated
4 weeks for children and adolescents
6 months adults

59
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

onset early childhood mean age 10

60
Q

Theories

A

Mower’s two factor theory phobic reactions due to operant and classical conditioning.

61
Q

Treatment

A

exposure and response prevention

in vivo exposure

62
Q

Social anxiety

A

fear or anxiety about a social situation
tx: CBT
Exposure and response prevention

63
Q

Panic Disorder

A

one attack followed by one month concern for another attack
medical conditions must be ruled out first
tx: CBT
Anti-depressants impramine benzos

64
Q

Agorophobia

A

Fear of being outside the home

tx: in vivo exposure response prevention

65
Q

GAD

A

Anxiety or worries about multiple events

tx: CBT with anti-depressants or anxiolytic buspirone (Buspar) or a benzodiazepines

66
Q

OCD

A

recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are time consuming
Males have higher rate in childhood
Females higher rate in adulthood
linked to lower levels of serotonin and elevated activity in several areas of the brain including the caudate nucleus, ­­­­­orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus
TX; response prevention and with SSRI or clomipramine

67
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

preoccupation with a body defect or flaw

68
Q

Reactive attachment disorder

A

Persistent pattern of inhibited and withdrawn behavior toward adult care givers.
must have history of extreme insufficient care.
onset before age 5

69
Q

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

A

inappropriate actions with unfamiliar adults
extreme insufficient care
developmental age of at least 9 months

70
Q

PTSD

A

Symptoms lasted more than one month
tx-Adults CBT
Pharmacological tx: SSRIs fluoxetine (prozac), paroxetine (paxal), and sertraline (zoloft) and the SNRI venlafaxine (effexor).

71
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

exposure to death or injury.

3 days to one month

72
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information

often related to victimization or exposure to a traumatic event.

73
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

recurrent sense of unreality or detachment

74
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

accompanied by excessive thoughts, emotions, or behaviors related to the symptom(s) or associated health concerns as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following: disproportionate or persistent thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms

75
Q

. Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

preoccupation with having a serious illness

symptoms 6 mos

76
Q

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

A

disorder is characterized by one or more symptoms that involve a disturbance in voluntary motor or sensory functioning

77
Q

Factitious Disorder

A

Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self falsify or induce physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with a deception

Factitious disorder imposed on another has the same symptoms except that they’re induced in another person (often in a child by his/her mother).

Malingering involves an intentional production of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain a drug, financial compensation, or other external reward

78
Q

Feeding and eating disorders

A

a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning

79
Q

Pica

A

persistent eating of non-nutritive, nonfood substances

80
Q

Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

A

an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or engage in behavior that interferes with weight
co-occurs with depression or an anxiety disorder
Anxiety precedes onset

81
Q

AN TX

A 
Restore person to health weight and address physical complications
Education about healthy nutrition
Change beliefs, attitudes and emotions
Family support
CBT
Family TX
82
Q

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

A

Binge Eating
compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
Depression and anxiety.

83
Q

BN TX

A

nutritional rehabilitation and counseling plus cognitive-behavior therapy or interpersonal therapy,

84
Q

Elimination Disorders

A

enuresis 2 or more times per week for 3 months
tx moisture alarm
antidiuretic hormone desmopressin

85
Q

Insomnia Disorder

A

Dissatisfaction with sleep quality
3 nights per week for 3 months
Tx stimulus control and sleep restriction.

86
Q

Narcolepsy

A

irrepressible need to sleep
hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations (vivid hallucinations just before falling asleep or just after awakening
tx: behavioral strategies and medication

87
Q

Sexual dysfunction

A

disturbance in persons ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure

88
Q

Erectile Disorder

A

marked difficulty obtaining an erection during sexual activity, marked difficulty maintaining an erection until completion of sexual activity, marked decrease in erectile rigidity. Symptoms must have been present for at least six months and cause significant distress

89
Q

ED treatment

A

behavioral techniques and pharmacotherapy.
sensate focus was developed by Masters and Johnson
Drugs used to treat erectile disorder include sildenafil citrate (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra), which increase blood flow to the penis

90
Q

Premature (Early) Ejaculation

A

persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation

TX sensate focus and SSRI’s

91
Q

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A

Recurrent problems with vaginal penetration during intercourse; marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during intercourse or penetration attempts
TX: relaxation training, sensate focus, a topical anesthetic, vaginal dilators, and Kegel exercises

92
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

incongruence between one’s assigned gender and one’s experienced or expressed gender

93
Q

Paraphilic Disorders

A

paraphilia as involving “intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners”
TX: CBT, marital tx, grp tx and medications

94
Q

Frotteuristic disorder

A

Touching or rubbing against a non-consenting adult.

95
Q

Transvestic

A

Cross dressing for sexual arousal

96
Q

Pedophilic Disorder

A

involves recurrent and intense sexual arousal for at least six months related to fantasies, urges, and/or behaviors involving sexual activity with a child or children 13 years of age or younger.

97
Q

Fetishistic Disorder

A

sexual arousal to a non living object.

98
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

recurrent pattern of an angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness
Symptoms 6 mos
more common in boys than girls
TX: parent management training, family therapy, cognitive problem-solving skills training, social skills training, and school-based programs

99
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

requires a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate social norms or rules
must be over 18
more common in males
linked to several factors including heredity, neuropsychological factors (e.g., low levels of serotonin), prenatal exposure to opiates or alcohol, and inadequate adolescence-limited type is a temporary and situational type of antisocial behavior that’s due to a “maturity gap practices
adolescence-limited type is a temporary and situational type of antisocial behavior that’s due to a “maturity gap”
TX: Family intervention

100
Q

intermittment Explosive disorder

A

Behavioral outbursts due to failure to control aggressive impulses.

EPPP Psychopathology (1 decks)

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