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Psychology Paper 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

The 4 definitions of abnormality

A
  • Statistical infrequency
  • deviation from ideal mental health
  • deviation from social norms
  • failure to function adequately
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2
Q

One evaluation of statistical infrequency?

A
  • Unusual characteristics can be seen as positive, for example high iQs.
  • Real life application in the diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder (IDD)
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3
Q

One evaluation of Deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • Johoda set the characteristics of the mentally healthy unrealistically high and in actual society it is unlikely all the criteria can be met
  • cultural relativism, Johoda set is criteria on Western European and North American cultures
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4
Q

One evaluation of Deviation from social norms

A
  • Cultural relativism
  • Real life application in the diagnosis of anti-social personality disorder but it’s never the sole explanation (doesn’t consider distress)
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5
Q

One evaluation of failure to function adequately

A
  • Strength is that it takes into account the patients perspective and experiences
  • limitation is that it is hard to measure distress and therefore difficult to assess patients
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6
Q

Behavioral characteristics of phobias

A
  • panic
  • avoidance
  • endurance
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7
Q

Emotional characteristics of Phobias

A
  • anxiety

- unreasonable responses

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8
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • Selective attention
  • irrational beliefs
  • cognitive distortions
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9
Q

Behavioral characteristics of depression

A
  • lower activity levels
  • disruption to sleep and eating patterns
  • aggression and self-harm
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10
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression

A
  • lowered mood
  • anger
  • lowered self-esteem
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11
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A
  • poor concentration
  • attending to and dwelling on the negative
  • absolutist thinking
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12
Q

Behavioral characteristics of OCD

A
  • compulsions (repetitive or to reduce anxiety)

- avoidance

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13
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A
  • anxiety + distress
  • accompanying depression
  • guilty/ disgust
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14
Q

What is the behavior approach to explaining phobias?

A

The two-process model
- the process of acquiring a phobia though classical conditioning and maintaining it through operant conditioning (negative reinforcement)

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15
Q

Who did research into phobias through classical conditioning? And when?

A

Watson and Reyner (1920)

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16
Q

What was the procedure of Watson and Reyners study on little Albert? (How old was he?)

A
  • A white rat was displayed to him
  • upon presentation an iron bar was banged right by alberts ear
  • this caused a phobia through classical conditioning
  • after doing so little Albert showed distress to anything furry including a coat and fake beard
17
Q

What are some evaluation points of the two process model?

A
  • good explanatory power by taking Watson and Reyners findings one step further (helps in therapy - targeting avoidance behavior)
  • alternate explanations for avoidance behavior. More complex phobias like agoraphobia would suggest avoidance behavior could be motivated by positive feelings of safety
  • Seilgman’s (1971) biological preparedness suggest that things that have been a source of danger in our evolutionary past my cause us to have an innate predisposition or squire certain fears
18
Q

What are the behavioral approaches to treating phobias?

A
  • systematic desensitization

- flooding

19
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A
  • the process of reducing phobic anxiety through classical conditioning
  • a fear hierarchy is created where by the least phobic stimuluses go at the bottom and the most go at the top
  • next relaxation techniques are taught either through breathing methods or imaging techniques
  • finally the patent is exposed to an item on there hierarchy and is told to practice their newly learnt relaxation skills until they are no longer distressed
  • reciprocal inhibition
20
Q

Evaluate systematic desensitization

A
  • acceptable to patients due to them preferring it to flooding. Most also enjoy learning the relaxation techniques
  • suitable for a diverse range of patents, those with learning difficulties my not understand the meaning of flooding or cognitive therapies
21
Q

What is flooding?

A
  • Behavioral therapy in which a phobic patient is exposed to their phobia straight away in order to reduce anxiety by that stimulus.
  • eliminates chance for avoidance behavior, patients quickly learn that the phobic stimulus is harmless
  • a learned response is extinguished when the CS is encountered without the UCS
22
Q

Evaluate flooding

A
  • cost effective due to it being the quickest of therapies
  • effective on simple phobias, however more complex phobias like social phobias my require a more cognitive therapy
  • treatment is ethical (consent given) but is very traumatic for patients and usually results in high attrition rates
23
Q

What are cognitive approaches to explaining depression

A

Beck’s cognitive theory of depression:

  • explained why some people are more vulnerable to depression than others
  • faulty information processing (dwell on negative)
  • negative self-schemas
  • negative triad (self, world, future)
Ellis’s ABC model:
Used this model to explain how irrational thoughts affect our behavior and emotional state
A - activating event
B - beliefs 
C - consequences
24
Q

Evaluate beck’s cognitive theory of depression (negative triad)

A
  • grazioli and terry (2000) supporting evidence, they assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth.
  • they found that those women judged to have been high in cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post natal depression
  • it doesn’t explain all aspects of depression. The theory explains the basic symptoms of depression, however depression is complex.
    (Reductionist)
25
Q

Evaluate Ellis’s ABC model

A
  • partial explanation for depression (reactive depression)
  • practical application in CBT
  • reductionist (doesn’t explain all aspects of depression)
26
Q

Define the biological approach to explaining ocd

A
  • genetic explanations. Lewis observed that of his ocd patients 37% had parents with ocd and 21% had siblings with it
  • ocd is polygenic. Taylor found that 230 genes may be involved in ocd
  • different types of ocd
27
Q

Evaluate the genetic explanations

A
  • environmental risk factors
  • too many candidate genes
  • good supporting twin study that showed 68% of identical twins shared OCD and 31% of non- identical. Suggests genetic influence

Psychology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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