Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology A-level context + evaluation > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What statistic of IQ is seen as statistically abnormal?

A

under 70 and over 115

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is deviating from social norms?

A

Doing something seen as not socially acceptable to others in certain situation e.g. laughing during a funeral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for Deviation from social norms?

A
  1. Not a sole explanation for defining abnormality.
  2. Cultural relativism - norms differ based on culture.
  3. Can lead to human right abuses, the right to be different.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for statistical infrequency?

A
  1. Real-life application - diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder.
  2. Unusual characteristics can be positive e.g. having an IQ of 130
  3. Not everyone unusual benefits from a label they may have a happy fulfilled life.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of antisocial personality disorder?

A

absence of prosocial internal standards associated with failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of breaching social norms?

A

Homosexuality continues to be viewed as abnormal in some cultures and considered abnormal in our society in the past.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

According to Rosenhan and Seligman what is a sign of failing to cope?

A

A person who no longer conforms to social rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

According to Jahoda’s ideal mental health, what is a sign of ideal mental health?

A

Good self-esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of intellectual disability disorder?

A

Having a very low IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When can a diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder be made of someone with low IQ?

A

an individual must be failing to function adequately before the diagnosis can be made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who looks at the ideal mental health?

A

Marie Jahoda (1958)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who proposed the signs that can be used to see if someone is not coping?

A

David Rosenhan and Martin Seligman (1989)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for Failure to function adequately?

A
  1. Patient’s perspective - captures experience of those who need help.
  2. Failing to function may be that they are just deviating from social norms.
  3. subjective judgements - someone has to say someone is distressing or is distressed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for Deviation from ideal mental health?

A
  1. it is a comprehensive definition
  2. cultural relativism- some ideas are specific to certain cultures
  3. It sets an unrealistically high standard for mental health - unlikely to all be achieved at the same time.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A
  1. Panic - response of phobia
  2. Avoidance - response to not be in contact with phobia
  3. Endurance - continuing response to phobia when in presence of it.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A
  1. selective attention to the phobic stimulus - keeping an eye on it.
  2. irrational beliefs - must do something or it will happen
  3. cognitive distortions - might see something as something else.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A
  1. irrational and unreasonable fear and anxiety.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  1. Activity levels - reduced energy levels.
  2. Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
  3. Aggression and self-harm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  1. lowered mood - worthless or empty
  2. Anger - negative emotions
  3. Lowered self-esteem - self- loathing
20
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A
  1. poor concentration
  2. Attending to and dwelling on the negative
  3. absolutist thinking - not all good and not all bad, when unfortunate its a disaster.
21
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A
  1. compulsions - repetitive and reduce anxiety.

2. avoidance - keep away from things that trigger it

22
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A
  1. anxiety and distress
  2. accompanying depression
  3. Guilt and disgust
23
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A
  1. Obsessive thoughts - recur over and over again
  2. cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
  3. insight into excessive anxiety - know they aren’t rational.
24
Q

what is classical conditioning in terms of phobias?

A

learning to associate something of which we initially have no fear with something that already triggers a fear.

25
Q

what is operant conditioning in terms of phobias?

A

when behaviour is reinforced or punished, maintaining its consequences.

26
Q

What did John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) create for phobias?

A

created a phobia in a 9-month-old baby (little Albert) using a white rat and a horrible noise to be associated together. (classical)

27
Q

what did Mowrer suggest about operant conditioning of phobias?

A

whenever we avoid a phobic stimulus we successfully escape the fear and anxiety that would have been caused if we had remained there, maintaining the phobia.

28
Q

Behavioural approach phobias evaluation - good explanatory power.

A

two process model step forward for phobias, how they are maintained and acquired leading to better therapy for those with a phobia.

29
Q

Behavioural approach phobias evaluation - Alternative explanation for avoidance behaviour.

A

not all avoidance behaviour associated with phobias e.g. agoraphobia. Not to avoid but to feel safe e.g. staying at home is more safe. (Buck, 2010)

30
Q

Behavioural approach phobias evaluation - an incomplete explanation of phobias

A

some parts require further explaining. Bounton (2007) evolutionary factors involved. Seligman (1971) biological preparedness. more to acquiring than just conditioning.

31
Q

Behavioural approach phobias evaluation - phobias that don’t follow a trauma.

A

some people develop a phobia and are not aware of having a bad response with it.

32
Q

Behavioural approach phobias evaluation - cognitive aspects

A

not just behavioural, there are also cognitive aspects that add to the acquisition and maintenance of phobias.

33
Q

what are the 3 steps in systematic desensitisation to treat phobias?

A
  1. the anxiety hierarchy
  2. relaxation
  3. exposure
34
Q

what is systematic desensitisation to treat phobias?

A

a behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning.

35
Q

what is flooding to treat phobias?

A

exposing phobic patients to their phobic stimulus instantly without a gradual build-up or hierarchy.

36
Q

How does flooding work?

A

patient quickly learns that the phobic stimulus is harmless and in some cases can achieve relaxation in its presence.

37
Q

what are the ethical safeguards for flooding?

A

must have informed consent from the patient as it can be a traumatic experience.

38
Q

Behavioural approach to treat phobias evaluation SD - it is effective.

A

SD is effective for some phobias. Gilroy et al (2003), 42 P’s treated for arachnophobia, 45 mins of SD. Different measures of response to spider. After 3 and 33 months less fearful using SD than just relaxation.

39
Q

Behavioural approach to treat phobias evaluation SD - suitable for diverse range of patients.

A

flooding + cognitive therapies not suitable for patients who may also have learning difficulties as they may not understand the situation.

40
Q

Behavioural approach to treat phobias evaluation SD - acceptable to patients

A

patients prefer SD doesn’t have the same degree of trauma as flooding, also involves relaxation processes.

41
Q

Behavioural approach to treat phobias evaluation flood - cost-effective

A

Ougrin (2011) flooding is highly effective and quicker than alternatives, patients free of symptoms quicker and cheaper.

42
Q

Behavioural approach to treat phobias evaluation flood - less effective of some types of phobia

A

Less effective for complex phobias like social phobias because of there cognitive aspects.

43
Q

Behavioural approach to treat phobias evaluation flood - treatment is traumatic for patients.

A

patients because it being so traumatic are unwilling to see it through to the end. Time and money wasted for them to not do it.

44
Q

what are the three parts beck suggested about cognitive vulnerability, explaining depression?

A
  1. faulty information processing = look at negative aspects.
  2. negative self-schemas
  3. the negative triad.
45
Q

What does ABC stand for in Ellis’s model?

A

A- Activating event
B- Beliefs
C- Consequences

Psychology A-level context + evaluation (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions