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Psychology Year 12 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of depression

Cognitive

A

Attending to and dwelling on the negative

Absolutist thinking

Poor concentration

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2
Q

Characteristics of depression

Behavioural

A

Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour

Shift in activity levels

Aggression and self harm

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3
Q

Characteristics of depression

Emotional

A

Lowered mood

Lowered self esteem

Anger

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4
Q

Cognitive explanation for depression

Beck

A
  • faulty information processing (attend to negative aspects)
  • negative self schemes (interpret all information about ourselves in a negative way)
  • negative triad (negative view of world, future, self which lead to depression)
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5
Q

Cognitive explanation for depression

Ellis

A
  • irrational thoughts - interfere with us being happy and free of pain
  • a triggers b which produces a consequence
  1. activating event
  2. Beliefs
  3. consequences
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6
Q

Cognitive treatment for depression
(cbt)
Beck

A

Identify thoughts about negative triad

Thoughts must be challenged

Set cognitive therapy aims to test reality of negative beliefs

Therapist uses this as evidence to challenge their thoughts

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7
Q

Cognitive treatment for depression
(cbt)
Ellis - rebt

A

ABCDE
D= dispute
E= effect

Identify and challenge an irrational belief - involve a rigorous argument

Change irrational belief and break link between negative life events and depression

  • empirical argument
  • logical argument
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8
Q

Cognitive explanation

Strength

A

Practical application in cbt

Forms basis of cbt

All cognitive aspects can be identified and challenged

Translates into a successful therapy

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9
Q

Cognitive explanation

Limitation

A

Doesn’t explain all aspects

Beck - theory can’t explain cases where patients have extreme emotions

Ellis - some depression arises without a cause. Explanation only applies to some kinds

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10
Q

Cognitive treatment

Strength

A

Effective

March - compares effects of cbt with antidepressants and a combination of the two

327 adolescents
After 36 weeks : 81% cbt group
81% antidepressants group
86% of combined

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11
Q

Cognitive treatment

Limitation

A

Success may be due to therapist patient relationship

Differences between therapies might be small but the all share the patient therapist relationship- quality of this relationship determines success

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12
Q

Characteristics of phobias

Cognitive

A

Cognitive distortions

Irrational beliefs

Selective attention to phobic stimulus

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13
Q

Characteristics of phobias

Behavioural

A

Panic

Avoidance

Endurance

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14
Q

Characteristics of phobias

Emotional

A

Anxiety

Emotional responses are unreasonable

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15
Q

Behavioural explanation for phobias

Acquisition by classical conditioning

A

Learning to associate something of which we initially have no fear with something that already triggers a response

Little Albert:

US (noise) > UR (fear)
US (noise) + NS (rat) > UR (fear)
CS (rat) > CR (fear)

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16
Q

Behavioural explanations for phobias

Maintenance by operant conditioning

A

Reinforced or punished

Negative reinforcement - avoid unpleasant situation, desirable consequence, behaviour repeated

Reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour - phobia is maintained

17
Q

Behavioural treatment for phobias

Systematic desensitisation

A

Counterconditioning - phobic stimulus is paired with relaxation

Reciprocal inhibition - impossible to be afraid and relaxed at the same time - one emotion prevents the other

  1. Anxiety hierarchy
  2. Relaxation
  3. Exposure
18
Q

Behavioural treatment for phobias

Flooding

A

Immediate exposure to phobic stimulus

Without option of avoidance behaviour - quickly learn phobic stimulus is harmless

Classical conditioning - extinction - CS is encountered without the US. CS no longer produces CR

19
Q

Behavioural explanation for phobias

Strength

A

Good explanatory power

Two process model - how phobias are maintained - patient is prevented from practising avoidance behaviour - behaviour ceases to be reinforced - application to therapies

20
Q

Behavioural explanation for phobias

Limitation

A

Incomplete explanation

Evolutionary factors - biological preparedness- innate predisposition to acquire certain fears

21
Q

Behavioural treatment of phobias

Strength

A

SD - 45 patients treated for spider phobia - check up after 3+33 months - SD group less fearful than relaxation

Flooding - cost effective - free from symptoms ASAP and treatment is cheaper

22
Q

Behavioural treatment for phobias

Limitation

A

Flooding

Less effective for social phobias that have cognitive aspects

Treatment is traumatic - unwilling to see it through to end

23
Q

Characteristics of OCD

Behaviour

A

Compulsions are :
•repetitive
•reduce anxiety

Avoidance

24
Q

Characteristics of depression

Emotional

A

Anxiety and distress

Accompanying depression

Guilt and disgust

25
Q

Characteristics of OCD

Emotional

A

Obsessive thoughts

Insight into excessive anxiety

Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions

26
Q

Biological approach to explaining OCD

Genetic explanations

A

Candidate genes - vulnerability for ocd - involved in regulating development of serotonin system

OCD is polygenic - several genes are involved - neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin have a role in regulating mood

27
Q

Biological approach to explaining OCD

neural explanations

A

Role of serotonin - regulate mood - low levels - mental processes are affected

Decision making systems - abnormal functioning of the lateral side of the frontal lobes - responsible for logical thinking

28
Q

Biological approach to explaining OCD

strength

A

Supporting evidence
Twin studies - 68% of identical twins shared OCD / 31% non identical

Antidepressants work solely on the serotonin system

29
Q

Biological approach to explaining OCD

Limitation

A

Too many candidate genes
Little predictive value - each genetic variation only increases risk of OCD by a fraction

No brain system has been found that always plays a role in OCD - not clear what neural mechanisms are involved

30
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD

Drug therapy

A

Antidepressant ssris

Combining ssris with other treatment

Alternatives to ssris

31
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD

Strength

A

Cost effective and non disruptive
Cheap compared to psychological treatments
Take drugs - symptoms decline - don’t have to engage with hard work of therapy

32
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD

limitation

A

Drugs can have side effects

Indigestion, blurred vision
Aggressive, disruption to blood pressure

Reduce effectiveness - patients stop taking the medication

Psychology Year 12 (2 decks)

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