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Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three criteria for diagnosing Intellectual Developmental Disorder?

A
  1. Deficits in intellectual functioning determined by clinical assessment and standardized testing. 2. Deficits in adaptive functioning that cause failure to meet developmental and socio-cultural standards. 3. Onset of deficits during the developmental period.
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2
Q

What does the DSM-5-TR indicate about intelligence testing for individuals with Intellectual Disability?

A

Individuals ordinarily obtain a score that is two or more standard deviations below the population mean on a standardized intelligence test.

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3
Q

What are the severity levels for Intellectual Disability based on adaptive functioning?

A

Mild, moderate, severe, profound.

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4
Q

What percentage of cases of Intellectual Disability have a known etiology?

A

25 to 50%.

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5
Q

What are the most common causes of Intellectual Disability with known etiology?

A

80 to 85% prenatal factors, 5 to 10% perinatal factors, 5 to 10% postnatal factors.

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6
Q

What is the most common chromosomal cause of Intellectual Disability?

A

Down’s syndrome.

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7
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A
  1. Deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts. 2. Restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities.
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8
Q

What are some examples of deficits in social communication for ASD?

A
  • Impaired social-emotional reciprocity * Impaired nonverbal communication * Impaired ability to develop and maintain relationships.
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9
Q

What is required for the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Onset of symptoms must be during the early developmental period.

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10
Q

What factors contribute to a better prognosis for individuals with ASD?

A

IQ over 70, functional language skills by age five, absence of comorbid mental health problems.

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11
Q

What are some associated features of ASD?

A
  • Intellectual and language impairments * Self-injurious behaviors * Motor abnormalities * Disruptive/challenging behaviors.
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12
Q

True or False: ASD is diagnosed more frequently in females than in males.

A

False.

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13
Q

What is the estimated prevalence of ASD in the population?

A

1 to 2%.

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14
Q

What is the heritability estimate for ADHD?

A

76%.

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15
Q

What are the main symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A

Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of inattention in ADHD?

A
  • Doesn’t listen when spoken to * Fails to pay close attention to details * Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
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17
Q

What is the typical age of onset for ADHD symptoms?

A

Before 12 years of age.

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18
Q

What are the three subtypes of ADHD based on symptoms?

A
  • Predominantly inattentive presentation * Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation * Combined presentation.
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19
Q

What are common comorbid disorders associated with ADHD?

A
  • Oppositional defiant disorder * Conduct disorder * Anxiety disorder * Depressive disorder.
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20
Q

What brain abnormalities are linked to ADHD?

A
  • Impaired response inhibition and working memory associated with prefrontal cortex abnormalities * Impaired temporal information processing associated with prefrontal cortex and cerebellum.
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21
Q

What neurotransmitter levels are typically low in individuals with ADHD?

A

Dopamine and norepinephrine.

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22
Q

What is the primary treatment recommendation for preschool children with ADHD?

A

Parent- and teacher-administered behavioral interventions.

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23
Q

What defines a tic according to the DSM-5-TR?

A

A sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.

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24
Q

What are examples of motor tics?

A
  • Eye blinking * Facial grimacing * Shoulder shrugging.
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25
What is required for a diagnosis of Tourette’s disorder?
At least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that have persisted for more than one year.
26
What are common treatments for Tourette’s disorder?
* Antipsychotic drugs * Medication for comorbid conditions * Behavioral treatments like CBIT.
27
What is the caudate nucleus associated with in terms of treatment?
Treatment may include an antipsychotic drug (e.g., haloperidol) and medication for comorbid conditions ## Footnote Comorbid conditions may include obsessive-compulsive symptoms and ADHD.
28
What does CBIT stand for?
Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics ## Footnote CBIT consists of psychoeducation, social support, habit reversal, competing response, and relaxation training.
29
What are communication disorders?
Deficits in language, speech, and communication ## Footnote This includes childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering).
30
What is childhood-onset fluency disorder also known as?
Stuttering ## Footnote It involves disturbances in normal fluency and time patterning of speech.
31
What is the typical onset age range for childhood-onset fluency disorder?
Between two and seven years of age ## Footnote The onset of symptoms is crucial for diagnosis.
32
What percentage of children recover from dysfluency?
65 to 85% ## Footnote The severity of symptoms at age eight predicts persistence or recovery.
33
What is the treatment-of-choice for childhood-onset fluency disorder?
Habit reversal training ## Footnote This includes strategies like regulated breathing.
34
What is required for the diagnosis of Specific Learning Disorder?
Difficulties related to academic skills indicated by at least one of six symptoms lasting at least six months ## Footnote Symptoms must persist despite interventions.
35
List three symptoms of Specific Learning Disorder.
* Inaccurate or slow word reading * Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read * Difficulties with spelling
36
What percentage of school-age children have a specific learning disability?
About 5 to 15 percent ## Footnote Approximately 80% of these children have a reading disorder.
37
What is the most common type of reading disorder?
Dyslexia ## Footnote Dysphonic dyslexia is the most common type of dyslexia.
38
What difficulties are associated with dysphonic dyslexia?
Difficulties connecting sounds to letters ## Footnote It is also known as auditory and phonological dyslexia.
39
What is a common characteristic of individuals with Specific Learning Disorder regarding IQ?
Usually have an average to above-average IQ ## Footnote They may also have elevated rates of other problems and disorders.
40
What is the most common comorbid psychiatric disorder found in individuals with Specific Learning Disorder?
ADHD ## Footnote Studies indicate a significant overlap between ADHD and specific learning disorders.
41
What is the duration required for the diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder?
At least one day but less than one month.
42
What are the four characteristic symptoms of brief psychotic disorder?
* Delusions * Hallucinations * Disorganized speech * Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
43
Define a delusion according to the DSM-5.
A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes.
44
Define a hallucination according to the DSM-5.
A perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ.
45
What is the primary difference between hallucinations and illusions?
Hallucinations occur without external stimuli, while illusions involve misperception of actual external stimuli.
46
What is the minimum duration for the diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder?
At least one month but less than six months.
47
List the five characteristic symptoms required for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
* Delusions * Hallucinations * Disorganized speech * Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior * Negative symptoms
48
What is the minimum duration for the active phase required for schizophrenia diagnosis?
At least one month.
49
What is meant by 'prodromal and residual phases' in schizophrenia?
Phases that consist of two or more characteristic symptoms in an attenuated form or negative symptoms only.
50
What genetic factor is associated with schizophrenia?
The greater the degree of genetic similarity, the greater the concordance rate for developing schizophrenia.
51
What neurotransmitters have been linked to schizophrenia?
* Dopamine * Glutamate * Serotonin
52
What does the original dopamine hypothesis state?
Schizophrenia is due to high levels of dopamine or hyperactivity of dopamine receptors.
53
What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
* Enlarged ventricles * Hypofrontality
54
What is hypofrontality in the context of schizophrenia?
Lower-than-normal activity in the prefrontal cortex.
55
True or False: Anosognosia is associated with better treatment adherence in patients with schizophrenia.
False.
56
What common comorbid conditions are associated with schizophrenia?
* Anxiety disorders * Obsessive-compulsive disorder * Tobacco use disorder
57
What is the peak age of onset for schizophrenia in males?
Early to mid-20s.
58
What factors are associated with a better prognosis for schizophrenia?
* Female gender * Acute and late onset of symptoms * Comorbid mood symptoms * Predominantly positive symptoms * Family history of mood disorder * Good premorbid adjustment
59
Define expressed emotion in the context of schizophrenia.
The emotional response of family members characterized by high levels of criticism and hostility toward the patient.
60
What is the immigrant paradox in relation to schizophrenia?
Newly arrived immigrants have better health outcomes than more acculturated immigrants or US-born natives of the same ethnicity.
61
What is the main treatment approach for schizophrenia?
Multimodal treatment including psychosocial interventions and antipsychotic medication.
62
What is NAVIGATE in the context of schizophrenia treatment?
A team-based program targeting individuals experiencing their first episode of psychosis.
63
What characterizes schizoaffective disorder?
Concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode.
64
What are the subtypes of delusional disorder?
* Erotomanic * Grandiose * Jealous * Persecutory * Somatic
65
What is required for the diagnosis of delusional disorder?
One or more delusions for at least one month with no marked impairment in overall functioning.
66

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