Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology- Psychopathology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Give the 4 definitions of abnormality

A

Deviation from social norms
Deviation from ideal mental health
Failure to function adequately
Statistical infrequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define deviation from social norms

A

Behaviour that goes against expectations of a community or culture, or what most people do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define deviation from ideal mental health

A

Jahoda produced a criteria for good mental health:
Self-attitude- high self esteem
Perception of reality- seeing life how it really is
Autonomy- being independent
Resistance to stress- able to cope with stressful situations
Self actualisation- full capabilities
Environmental mastery- adjusting to new environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define failure to function adequately

A

Rosenhan and seligman proposed signs of failing to cope with the demands of everyday life:
Personal distress
Observer discomfort
Unpredictability
Irrationality
Violation of moral and ideal standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define standard infrequency

A

Numerical unusual behaviour or characteristic. Extreme ends of the normal distribution curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of deviation from social norms

A

Drinking alcohol with breakfast
Cheating on an exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Negative self worth
Being dependent on others
Not able to deal with daily stresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of failure to function adequately

A

Washing hands religiously
Not sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of statistical infrequency

A

IQ
Height
Weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Evaluation of deviation from social norms

A

+ RLA- disorders like antisocial personality disorder can be assessed and diagnosed
- Reductionist- doesn’t consider factors such as distress
- cultural relativism- what is normal in one culture may not be normal in another
- Poor temporal validity- social norms have changed over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Evaluate deviation from ideal mental health

A

+ comprehensive definition- includes all the reasons why someone might seek help
- cultural relativism- ideas like self- actualisiation are specific to western cultures
- unrealistically high standards- few people will achieve all/ most ideals
- subjective
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evaluation of statisitical infrequency

A

+ objective and simple to assess
- unusual characteristics can be positive (e.g very high intelligence)
- not everyone ‘unusual’ benefits from a label
- ignores individual differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evaluation of failure to function adequately

A

+ recognises individuals perspective
+ can help to explain mental disorders
- difficult to distinguish from deviation from social norms- extreme sports could be both
- based on subjective judgements by psychiatrists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 5 categories of depression

A
  • major depressive disorder- severe but often short-term depression
  • persistent depressive disorder- long-term/ recurring depression, sustained major depression
  • disruptive mood dysregulation disorder- childhood temper tantrums
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder- disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 sections of characteristics of depression +define

A
  • behavioural characteristics - ways in which people act
  • emotional characteristic- ways in which people feel
  • cognitive characteristics- ways in which people process information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of behavioural characteristics of depression - activity levels

A

Change in activity levels
- energy levels reduce= withdrawal from work, education and social life (extreme cases= not being able to get out of bed)
- occasionally opposite effect- psychomotor agitation= struggles to relax= pacing up and down room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of behavioural charactertics of depression- disruption to sleep and eating behaviour

A
  • reduced sleep (insomnia) and premature waking
  • or increased need for sleep (hypersomnia)
  • appetite / eating increase or decrease= weight changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of emotional charactertics of depression- aggression and self-harm

A
  • irritability, physical/ verbal aggression
  • can lead to relationships ending or quitting a job
  • physical aggression may be directed towards self (self-harm and suicide attemps)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Examples of emotional charactertics of depression- lowered mood

A
  • more than just feeling lethargic and sad
  • patients often describe themselves as ‘worthless’ and ‘empty’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of emotional characteristics of depression- anger

A
  • can be directed at the self or others
  • on occasion, such emotions lead to aggressive or self-harming behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of emotional characteristics of depression- lowered self esteem

A
  • sufferers of depression tend to like themselves less than usual
  • may describe a sense of self- loathing i.e hating themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Examples of cognitive characteristics of depression-poor concentration

A
  • find it hard to stick with a task or make decisions they would normally find straightforward
  • likely to interfere with person’s work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples of cognitive characteritics of depression- attending to and dwelling on the negative

A
  • sufferers pay more attention to negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives (glass half-empty)
  • have a bias towards recalling unhappy events rather than happy ones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Examples of cognnitive charactertics of depression- absolutist thinking

A
  • situatios are either all-good or all-bad (black and white thinking)
  • this means that when a situation is unfortunate- the tend to see it as an absolute disaster
25
What are 2 theorys for cognitive explanations of depression
- Becks cognitve theory of depression - Ellis ABC model
26
Describe Becks cognitive theory
- 1967 suggested a cognitive approach to explaining why some people are more vulnerable to depression than others - persons cognition (thinking) creates this vulnerability - 3 parts to this vulnerability 1. Faulty info processing 2. Negative self- schemas 3. The negative triad
27
Explain the first part of becks theory
Faulty info processing - when depressed we attend to the negative aspects of the situation and ignore positives - blow small problems out of proportion- think in black and white terms
28
Explain the second part of becks theory
Negative self- schemas - act as a mental framework for the interpretation of sensory info - self schema - package of info we have about ourselves - we use schema to interpret the world so if negative self schema interpret ourselves in a negative way
29
Define schema
Package of ideas and info developed through experience
30
Explain the third part of becks theory
The negative triad - a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves bc of 3 types of negavtive thinking0 occurs auto A) negative view of the world ‘The world is a cold, hard place’ There is no hope B) negative view of the future ‘The economy will not get better’ Reduces hopefulness C) negative view of the self ‘I am a failure’ Enhances exisitng depressive feelings as it conforms exisitng emotions of low self-esteem
31
Explain Ellis theory
- 1962 prposes good mental health is the result of rational thinking - thinking in ways that allow people to be happy and free of pain - conditions like anxiety and depression result from irrational thoughts (thoughts that interfere with us being happy or free of pain) - uses ABC model to explain how irrational thought affect our mental health
32
Explain the first part of Ellis ABC model
A) Activating event - irrational thoughts are triggered by external events (Unlike becks focuses on auto thoughts) - we get depressed when we experience negative events= trigger irrational beliefs - events like failing an important exam or ending a relationship trigger irrational beliefs
33
Explain the second part of Ellis model
B) Beliefs - irrational beliefs - musturbation- belief that we must always succeed or achieve perfection - ‘i-cant-stand-it-itis’ - the belief that it is a major disaster whenever something does not go smoothly - utopianism- beleif that life always meant to be fair
34
Explain the third part of Ellis ABC model
C) consequences - when activating events triggers irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural consequences - for example if you believe you must always succeed and then you fail at something- may trigger depression
35
Pros and cons of becks theory
+ supporting evidence + practical application - blames the patient - becks theory is reductionist
36
Pros and cons of ellis theory
+ practical application - correlational issues - a partial explanation - it doesnt explain all aspects of depression - ellis theory is reductionist
37
What is the cognitive approach to treating depression?
CBT- cognitive behaviour therapy
38
What is CBT
A method for treating mental disorders based on cognitive and behavioural techniques Therapy aims to deal with thinking- challenging negative thoughts Behavioural activation
39
What is the procedure for CBT therapy
1. Patient and therapist work together to clarify patients problems 2. Jointly identify goals then plan to achieve them 3. Identify where a negative though or irrational belief may be that will benefit from challenge 4. Work on changing negative and irrational beliefs- put more effective behaviours into place
40
Describe cbt becks cognitive therapy
1. Identify automatic thoughts about world, future and self 2. Thoughts are challenged 3. Aims to help patients test reality of their negative beliefs 4. Set homework- record when enjoyed an event 5. Patient as scientist
41
What is ellis cbt therapy called
REBT - rational emotive behaviour therapy
42
Describe rebt
Extends ABC.- D- dispute E- effect - identify and dispute irrational thoughts - eg patient talk about how unfair something is- rebt identify examples if utopianism - challenge irrational belief - invlove vigorous argument Empirical argument - disputing whether actual evidence to support negative belief Logical argument- disputing whether thought logically follows facts
43
What is behavioural activation
Cbt encourage a depressed patient to be more active and engage in enjoyable activities
44
Pros and cons of cbt
+ it is effective - may not work for severe cases - success may be due to the therapist- patient relationship - ignores the past - overemphasis on cognition
45
What is OCD
Obsessive- compulsive disorder Characteitised by either obsessions or compulsions.
46
Wha is the cycle of ocd
Obsessive thought—> anxiety—> comulsive behaviour—> temporary relief
47
3 categories of charactertics of ocd
- behvioural -emotional -cognitive
48
Ocd characteritcs
- behavioural Repetitive compulsions Anxiety- reducing compulsions Avoidance - emotional Anxiety and distress Accompanying depression Guilt and disgust - cognitive Obsessive thoughts
49
Behavioural ocd- repetitive compulsions
Repeat behaviour E.g hand washing , counting
50
Behavioural ocd- anxiety-reducing complusions
Performed in an attempt to mange the anxiety produced by obsessions E.g compulsive hand washing response to fear of germs
51
Behavioural ocd- avoidance
Avoid situations that trigger their anxiety Eg avoid contact with germs - not emptying bins affect life
52
Emotional characteritics ocd- anxiety and distress
Obsessive thoughts are unpleasant and frightening- anxiety that goes with it can be overwhelming The urge to repeat a behaviour creates anxiety
53
Emotional characteristics ocd- accompanying depression
Ocd often accompanied by depression means anxiety accompanied by low mood and lack of enjoyment in activities Compulsive behaviour tends to bring some refief from anxiety- but this is temporary
54
Emotional characteristics ocd- guilt and disgust
Irrational guilt eg over minor moral issues Disgust- self or dirt
55
Cognitive characteristics- ocd
Recur over and over again Unpleasant Eg implulses to hurt somone Eg worried of being contaminated by dirt or germs
56
What does hypervigilant mean ocd
Maintain constant alertness and keep attention focused on potential hazards
57
What are the 2 explanations for ocd
Genetic Neural
58
What are the 4 ways to explain ocd genetically
Ocd runs in family Candidate genes Ocd ploygenic Different types of ocd
59
What are the 2 different neural ways we can explain ocd
Neurotransmitters Brain area

Psychology- Psychopathology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions