Psychopathology Flashcards
Statistical Infrequency
Beck Depression Inventory – score 30+ widely interpreted as indicating severe depression (5%)
Failure To Function Adequately
Rosenhan and Seligman (1989) – break interpersonal rules (eye contact, personal space), experience severe personal distress, irrational behaviour towards themselves or others
Deviation From Ideal Mental Health
Jahoda (1958) – no symptoms or distress, rational and perceive ourselves accurately, ability to self-actualise, ability to enjoy leisure, cope with stress, good self-esteem, independent, realistic view of the world
Behavioural Explanations For Phobias
Watson and Rayner (1920) – Little Albert
Ad de Jongh et al. (2006) – 73% of people in study with fear of dentistry experienced a past traumatic event in dentistry, 21% of people with low dental anxiety experienced a traumatic dental events
Seligman (1971) – biological preparedness may explain phobias better as we acquire phobias of things that presented a danger in our evolutionary past
Behavioural Treatments For Phobias
Gilroy et al. (2003) – 42 people who had SD for arachnophobia in 3 45-minute sessions, 3-33 months SD group were less fearful than control group treated by relaxation without exposure, Wechsler et al. (2019) – SD is effective for specific phobia
Wechsler et al. (2019) – VR may be less effective than real exposure because it lacks realism
Schumacher et al. (2015) – participants and therapists rated flooding as significantly more stressful than SD
Persons (1986) – case of woman with a phobia of death being treated, replaced with fear of being criticised, symptom substitution
Cognitive Explanations For Depression
Beck (1967) – faulty information processing, negative self-schema, negative triad (negative view of oneself, the future and the world)
Ellis (1962) – ABC model (Activating Event, Belief, Consequence), irrational thoughts
Beck and Clark (1999) – in a review they concluded that cognitive vulnerabilities were more common in depressed people and even preceded depression
Cohen et al. (2019) – tracked development in 473 adolescents and regularly measured cognitive vulnerability, cognitive vulnerability later predicted depression
David et al. (2018) – some evidence supporting idea that REBT can change both negative beliefs and relieve symptoms of depression
Cognitive Treatments For Depression
March et al. (2007) – 327 depressed adolescents, compared: CBT, antidepressant drugs and a combination of both, 36 weeks of treatment 81% of either CBT and antidepressant groups significantly improved, 86% improved in the combination group
Sturmey (2005) – any form of psychotherapy is not suitable for people with learning difficulties
Lewis and Lewis (2016) – CBT as effective as antidepressants and behavioural therapies for people with severe depression
Taylor et al. (2008) – when used appropriately, CBT is effective for people with learning disabilities
Ali et al. (2017) – assessed 439 clients every month for 12 months after CBT, 42% relapsed into depression within 6 months, 53% relapsed into depression within a year
Yrondi et al. (2015) – depressed people rated CBT as their least preferred psychological therapy
Biological Explanation For OCD
Lewis (1936) – 36% OCD patients had parents with OCD, 21% OCD patients had siblings with OCD
Taylor (2013) – 230 genes associated with increased chance of developing OCD
Nestadt et al. (2010) – twin studies, 68% concordance rates of MZ twins vs 31% concordance rates of DZ twins
Marini and Stebnicki (2012) – person with a family member diagnosed with OCD is 4 times as likely to develop OCD than a person without a family member with the condition
Cromer et al. (2007) – Over half a sample of OCD clients had experienced a traumatic event
Ahmari (2016) - found a gene linked to repetitive behaviours in mice (ungeneralisable as human mind and brain is more complex)
Nestadt et al. (2010) – OCD symptoms form part of conditions that are known to be biological in origin (Parkinson’s Disease), biological disorder produces OCD symptoms, biological processes underlie OCD
Biological Treatments For OCD
Soomro et al. (2019) - reviewed 17 studies, found OCD symptoms reduced in 70% of people taking SSRIs
Skapinakis et al. (2016) – systematic review of outcome studies, concluded that both cognitive and behavioural therapies were more effective than SSRIs in treating OCD
Goldacre (2013) – researchers are sponsored by drug companies, may selectively publish positive research on the drugs they are researching
