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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

Any behaviour that does not follow accepted social patterns or social rules. Such violation of these patterns or rules can be regarded as abnormal behaviour and would be classed as unacceptable.

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2
Q

What are some disadvantages of using deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality?

A

The definition does not always clearly indicate that a person has a psychological abnormality. Therefore psychologists must be cautious when making judgements about whether deviation from social norms implies that someone is abnormal or just odd/eccentric.

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3
Q

What is a strength of using deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality?

A

It distinguishes a difference between desirable and non-desirable behaviour. The model aims to protect members of the public from the effects of abnormal behaviour and the damaging consequences it can have.

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4
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

When a person can no longer cope with the demands of every day life.

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5
Q

What is the name of the scale used to assess rates of social, occupation and psychological functioning?

A

Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF)

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6
Q

Which psychologists created the failure to function model?

A

Rosenhan and Seligman

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7
Q

What is the S in SUMOVIV?

A

Suffering

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8
Q

What is the U in SUMOVIV?

A

Unpredictability and loss of control

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9
Q

What is the M in SUMOVIV?

A

Maladaptiveness

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10
Q

What is the O in SUMOVIV?

A

Observer Discomfort

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11
Q

What is the V(1) in SUMOVIV?

A

Vividness and unconventionality

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12
Q

What is the I in SUMOVIV?

A

Irrationality and incomprehensibility

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13
Q

What is the V(2) in SUMOVIV?

A

Violation of moral and ideal standards

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14
Q

What is suffering?

A

the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.

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15
Q

What is unpredictability and loss of control?

A

Abnormal individuals’ behaviour is often very variable and uncontrolled, and is also inappropriate. However, most people sometimes behave like this.

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16
Q

What is maladaptiveness?

A

prevents an individual from achieving major life goals such as enjoying good relationships with other people or working effectively.

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17
Q

What is observer discomfort?

A

Those who see the unspoken rules of social behaviour being broken by others often experience some discomfort.

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18
Q

What is vividness and unconventionality?

A

The ways in which abnormal individuals behave in various situations differ substantially from how most other people behave. However, the same is true of non-conformists and eccentrics.

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19
Q

What is irrationality and incomprehensibility?

A

A common feature of abnormal behaviour is that it isn’t clear why anyone would act that way.

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20
Q

What is violation of moral and ideal standards?

A

Behaviour may be judged to be abnormal when it violates established moral standards. However, the majority of people may fail to maintain these standards, which may be out of date or imposed by minority religious or political leaders.

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21
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

This occurs when an individual possesses a less common characteristic than most of the population.

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22
Q

What does a normal distribution curve look like?

A

ooOOoo
(Median, Mode, Mean all in same place)

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23
Q

What does a left skewed (negative skewness) curve look like?

A

oooOOo
(Mean -> Median -> Mode)

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24
Q

What does a right skewed (positive skewness) curve look like?

A

oOOooo
(Mode -> Median -> Mean)

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25
Q

Strengths of statistical infrequency?

A
  • just because a behaviour is statistically infrequent does not mean that the person is abnormal and requires treatment. Statistical infrequency can be a good thing
  • SI is based on objective, scientific and unbiased data that can help indicate abnormality and normality, the results from testing can indicate whether someone needs psychological help and assistance
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26
Q

Weaknesses of statistical infrequency?

A
  • it involves labelling some people as abnormal, and this is not beneficial. It could affect self confidence and self esteem and lead to problems.
  • there is a subjective cutoff point (e.g. an IQ of 69 is abnormal but and IQ of 71 isn’t?)
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27
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

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28
Q

Where does the ideal mental health model stem from?

A

from the Humanist approach which focuses on motivation and self development

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29
Q

Who is the psychologist who devised the DfIMH model?

A

Marie Jahoda

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30
Q

What are the four definitions of abnormality?

A

deviation form social norms, failure to function adequately, statistical infrequency and deviation from ideal mental health

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31
Q

How many criteria does Marie Jahoda have?

A

6 (APPIES)

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32
Q

What is the A in APPIES?

A

Autonomy

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33
Q

What is the P(1) in APPIES?

A

Perception of reality

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34
Q

What is the P(2) in APPIES?

A

Personal growth

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35
Q

What is the I in APPIES?

A

Integration

36
Q

What is the E in APPIES?

A

Environmental mastery

37
Q

What is the S in APPIES?

A

Self attitudes

38
Q

What is autonomy?

A

right to self-determination

39
Q

What is perception of reality?

A

Where mentally healthy people do not distort their perception of reality; they are not too optimistic or pessimistic

40
Q

What is personal growth?

A

developing and changing as a person to become the person you want to be

41
Q

What is integration?

A

person must be able to cope well with stressful situations and anxiety provoking situations

42
Q

What is environmental mastery?

A

the extent to which an individual is successful and well adapted

43
Q

What is self attitudes?

A

Having high self-esteem and a strong sense of identity

44
Q

Strengths of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

A
  • can be viewed as being positive and productive. It focuses on criteria we should all aim for and strive for.
  • it can target areas of dysfunction that the patient needs to work on and improve their life.
45
Q

Weaknesses of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

A
  • the six criteria are based on abstract concepts and are difficult to define and measure
  • very few people can actually achieve all of the six criteria; it would become “normal to be abnormal”, the criteria is too demanding
46
Q

What is a phobia?

A

a mental disorder characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a stimulus

47
Q

What is pogonophobia?

A

fear of beards

48
Q

What is alphabutyrophobia?

A

fear of peanut butter

49
Q

What is haematophobia?

A

fear of blood

50
Q

What are the two manuals psychologists use to diagnose patients?

A

DSM-V (diagnostic statistical manual version 5)

ICD-10 (international classification of disease version 10)

51
Q

What are some behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Avoidance
  • endurance
  • disruption of functioning
  • panic
52
Q

What are some emotional characteristics of phobias?

A
  • fear
  • panic and anxiety
53
Q

What are some cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A
  • irrationality
  • insight
  • cognitive distortions
  • selective attention
54
Q

Where do phobias come from?

A

classical conditioning

Social learning

55
Q

Which psychologist devised the Two Process Model?

A

Mowrer

56
Q

What is onset of phobia?

A

Can occur directly by classical conditioning or indirectly by social learning

57
Q

How are phobias maintained?

A

operant conditioning

58
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning/Maintaining a phobia through either positive or negative reinforcement

59
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?

A

Watson and Rayner (1920)

60
Q

How old was Little Albert?

A

11 months old

61
Q

Describe the procedure of the Little Albert Experiment

A
  • baby shown white rat (neutral stimulus) paired with steel bar strike (unconditional stimulus)
  • noise makes baby cry
  • 3 times and 3 times again next week
62
Q

Outline findings of Little Albert experiment?

A

Albert has become conditions and now is scared of white rats despite no loud noise. His fear is generalised to all white fluffy objects.

63
Q

Strengths of classical conditioning

A

King (1998) supports ideas from reviewing case studies

64
Q

weaknesses of classical conditioning

A

Little Albert experiment was only done once and findings have not been repeated (unreliable)

It doesn’t apply to everyone - some people have traumatic experiences and don’t develop a phobia and vice certain

Menzies criticises this model

65
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

66
Q

What are two ways we can treat phobias?

A
  • systematic desensitisation
  • flooding
67
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

A behavioural therapy developed by Wolpe (1958) to reduce phobias by using classical conditioning. It aims to replace fearful reactions with calm relaxed ones.

68
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

The main idea of SD: that it is impossible to feel fear and relaxation at the same time

69
Q

What are the three parts of process of systematic desensitisation?

A
  • the hierarchy of fear
  • relaxation techniques
  • gradual exposure
70
Q

What is PMR?

A

progressive muscle relaxation; it is used to relaxed in the presence of phobic object

71
Q

Strengths of SD

A
  • Jones (1924) used SD to cure Little Peter’s phobia of white rabbits
  • Klosko investigated that 87% had been cured after having SD compared to only 50% who received medication
  • SD is much less traumatic than flooding
72
Q

Weaknesses of SD

A
  • doesn’t work on complex phobias
  • may be expensive and time consuming
  • patient may panic even more since they cannot relax when exposed to phobic object
  • symptoms could return
73
Q

Strengths of the two process model

A
  • Bandura supports the idea with buzzer experiment
  • process entails how phobias are learnt and then maintained, seems an accurate way in explaining phobias
74
Q

Weaknesses of the two process model

A
  • ignores other factors that could cause phobias
  • successful in explaining how children or animals learn phobias but not adults. The model is limited.
75
Q

What is flooding?

A

Exposing patients to their phobic stimulus in immediate situation. Patients learn to relax. Patients cannot avoid and therefore will remove phobia (extinction) Either by realising phobic object is harmless or by exhaustion of fear response.

76
Q

Why must consent be given in written form?

A

To protect psychologists from lawsuits

77
Q

What are the advantages of flooding?

A
  • much cheaper and quicker than SD
  • Ost (1997) backs flooding and says it’s very effective
78
Q

What are the disadvantages of flooding?

A
  • less effective for curing some types of phobia such as social phobia
  • highly traumatic and patients may be unwilling to go through treatment after treatment has been prepared (phobia remains uncurled and time is wasted)
79
Q

What is depression?

A

a mood disorder characterised by feelings of despondency and hopelessness

80
Q

What are the two types of depression?

A

unipolar and bipolar

81
Q

What is unipolar depression?

A

When a patient has a persistent low mood

82
Q

What criteria must be met to diagnose someone with depression?

A
  • at least 5 symposiums must be present every day for 2 weeks
  • the 5 symptoms must include sadness or loss of interest and pleasure in normal activities
  • the person will show impairment in general functioning that has not caused by other events
83
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • shift in energy levels
  • social impairment
  • weight changes
  • poor personal hygiene
  • sleep pattern disturbance
  • aggression and self harm
84
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  • loss of enthusiasm
  • constant depressed mood
  • worthlessness
  • anger
85
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • delusions
  • reduced concentration
  • thoughts of death
  • poor memory
  • negative schema
  • absolutist thinking

Psychology (2 decks)

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