Psychopathology Flashcards
How many definitions of abnormality are there?
4
Define ‘deviation from social norms’.
Behaviour that goes against societal norms. These individuals are labelled as ‘socially deviant’.
- Social norms are culture-specific so vary between cultures
What is a strength of deviation of social norms?
-Helps people
- allows society to see if someone needs help when acting
abnormally- they may not be able to seek help themselves
What is a limitation of deviation of social norms?
- Individualism
- doesn’t account for those who don’t conform to social norms but aren’t abnormal
Define ‘failure to function adequately’.
An individual is abnormal when they can no longer cope with everyday life- this is reflected in their behaviour
- Can affect their ability to work or learn
What is a strength of ‘failure to function adequately’?
- Observable behaviour
- definition focuses on observed behaviour, allowing others to
know when abnormal behaviour appears.
What is a limitation of ‘failure to function adequately’?
- Abnormality is normal
- doesn’t consider when it is normal to behave abnormally
- e.g. when grieving, under stress, etc.
Define ‘Ideal mental health’.
A list of characteristics that display ideal mental health:
- Positive attitudes towards one’s self
- Self Actualisation
- Autonomy
- Integration
- Accurate perception of reality
- Environmental mastery
What is a strength of ‘ideal mental health’?
- Positive approach
- focuses on positive behaviours and what is desirable rather than
undesirable - Holistic
- Looks at the whole person and their behaviour instead of singular behaviours
What is a limitation of ‘ideal mental health’ ?
- Subjective criteria
- tries to treat mental health the same way as physical health- mental health is more subjective and needs to be looked at in the context of the patient.
Define ‘Statistical Infrequency’
Behaviour through statistics.
What is a strength of statistical infrequency?
- It is an objective measure of measuring abnormality
What is a limitation of statistical infrequency?
Some conditions are so common (e.g. depression, anxiety, etc.) in society that it feels wrong to state it is statistically infrequent.
What are specific phobias?
Phobias of an object or experience
What are two examples of specific phobias?
Social anxiety (social phobia) and Arachnophobia
What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?
Panic, Avoidance, Endurance
What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?
Anxiety, Fear, Unreasable emotional response
What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?
Selective attention to the phobic stimulus, Irrational Beliefs, Cognitive distortions
What is the behavioural approach to explaining phobias?
The two-step model
What does the two-process model say?
Phobias are learned through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
Where you learn to associate a stimulus with a response
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement
Why did Little Albert develop a fear of white rats?
The researchers made a loud noise whenever the rat was presented, so Little Albert learned to associate the scary noise with the rat and the rat became to conditioned stimulus and his fear was the conditioned response
How does operant conditioning maintain a phobia?
Mowrer suggested that when we avoid the phobia, we are escaping the fear and anxiety that would have been experienced. This escape of fear negatively reinforces the avoidance behaviour, maintaining the phobia.
What is a strength of the behavioural approach to explaining phobias? (phobias and traumatic experiences)
There is a link between bad experiences and phobias.
Little Albert study shows a traumatic experience involving a stimulus (the noise) which became associated with the neutral stimulus (the rat) to provide the conditioned response.
What is the counterpoint to the ‘phobias and traumatic experiences’ strength?
Not all phobias stem from traumatic experiences. Some common phobias appear in populations where the phobic stimulus is small. (e.g. snake phobias occur in places where very few people have experiences with snakes)
How does the behavioural approach to explaining phobias have real-world application?
The main point of the two-process model is that phobias are maintained by avoiding the phobic stimulus. This helps explain why people with phobias benefit from being exposed to the stimulus. Once the avoidance behaviour is prevented, it stops being reinforced and declines. The phobia is the avoidance behaviour, so once this is no longer reinforced, the phobia is cured. This shows the value of the two-process model because it identifies a way to treat phobias.
The two-process model doesn’t offer any explanation for the cognitive aspects of phobias…
This means that the two-process model doesn’t completely explain the symptoms of phobias.
What is systematic desensitisation?
A behavioural therapy that reduces the level of anxiety through classical conditioning
What is it called when a person learns a new response to something?
Counterconditioning
What is the first step of systematic desensitisation?
The anxiety hierarchy
What is an anxiety hierarchy?
A list of situations related to the phobic stimulus ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking.
What is the second step in systematic desensitisation?
Relaxation
What does the relaxation step of systematic desensitisation involve?
The therapist teaches the client to relax as deeply as possible as it is impossible to be relaxed and anxious at the same time (reciprocal inhibition). They can be taught to relax using breathing techniques, etc. or they can be given drugs (e.g. Valium/diazepam)