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a - level aqa psychology (component 1) > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define abnormailty

A

Psychologcal condition or behaviour that differs from most people (social norm)

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2
Q

Define depression

A

Mental disorder that causes people to experince a depressed mood

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3
Q

Statistical norm

Critisicm of abnormality

A
  • Abnormality accounts for frequency of behaviour and not its desirability
  • Can’t distguish between rate behaviour that is eccentric and rare behaviour that is psychlogically abnormal
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4
Q

Define abnormality that deviates from social norm

A

Some people behave in a way different from the social norm and social expectation they are seen as different

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5
Q

Social norm not stasticial

What are the critiscm of abnormality

A
  • Discrimination against people
  • Social norm and attitude changes over time
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6
Q

Jahdoa (1958) 6 conditions

Explain abnormality as deviation from mental health

A
  • Positive self attitude
  • Personal growth
  • ability cope with stress
  • being in control of own decisions
  • accurate perception of reality
  • ability to adapt with changes in environment
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7
Q

What are the critiscm of Jahdoa study on mental health

A
  • Degree to which person meets the critea can change over time
  • Subjective standard - difficult to measure things like self esteem
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8
Q

Define phobias

A
  • Phobia are form of anxiety disorder which the emotional response to an often harmless object has become a fear to them
  • Irrational fear that is out of proportion
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9
Q

Explain symptons of phobias

A
  • Physical symptons - body response to stress such as hyperventilation and increased hearty rate
  • Behavioural symptons - Individual will try to avoid the fear which can impact everday life
  • Cognitive symptons - anxiety can decrease concentration and impair person ability to complete complex task
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10
Q

Define OCD

A

Anxiety disorder that involves compulsive thoughts and compulsive behaviour

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11
Q

Explain symptoms of OCD

A
  • Physical symptons - body responds to stress such as hyperventilation and increase heart rate
  • Behavioural sympton - compulsive behaviour such as the urge to carry out a specific behaviour or task
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12
Q

Diagnostic of OCD

A
  • Acknowledge the problem but are scared to overcome
  • Suffer from serve anxiety
  • Suffer from serve depression
  • Experience either obsession or compulsion
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13
Q

Symptons of depression

A
  • Physical symptons - Lack of energy, loss of weight and appetite
  • Behavioural symptons - Stops socialising, loeses intertest in daily activties may attempt suicide
  • Emotional symptons - Feelings of sadness and despair and absence of feelings
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14
Q

Diagnostic criteria of depression

A
  • extreme sadness
  • tearfulness
  • depressed moods
  • loss of interest in pleasure and activities
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15
Q

Three assumptions behaviour approach makes

A
  • All behaviour is learned
  • what has been learned can be unlearned
  • abnormal behaviour learned same way as normal
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16
Q

Stimulus (unconditonal)

How can phobia can be learnt through classical conditioning

A
  • Starts from an unconditonal stimulus and this triggers a natural reflex but if another stimilus happens at the same time, when this stimimulus happens again it can elict the fear
  • An example a loud noise and this creates fear during this stimulus another one being baloons
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17
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning through positve and negative reinforcement (Punishments and rewards)

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18
Q

Explain how phobia can be learnt through operant conditioning

A
  • Actions are either rewarded (positive reinforcment) or punished (negative reinforcement)
  • we will repeat the behaviour if the outcome is good but not if the outcome is not
  • If someone has a phobia they are scared of something so to keep their anxiety and stress levels down they will avoid it and that postively reinforces
19
Q

Dogs, albert

Give an example of Classical conditioning

A
  • Pavlov dogs - learned to associate food with a ringing of a bell
  • Little Albert - Learn to associate a white rate with loud noises
20
Q

Watching others, Bandura

Explain social learning theory and give an example of a research

A
  • We learn certain behaviour by observing others and copying them
  • Bandura Bobo doll
  • Mineka et al (1994) monkey video
21
Q

Operant and classic conditioning

Explain how we learn and maintain phobias with the two process model

A
  • Learning and maintance involves classical and operant conditioning
  • Classical conditoning - fear is learnt by association
  • Operant conditoning - Avoiding the fear (explains why phobia persist)
22
Q

Classical conditioning

How can you treat phobias using the behaviourist approach

A

To unlearn the abnormal behaviour the treatment will be based on classical conditioning, unlearning the inappropiate behaviour and replacing it with new behaviour

23
Q

define desensitisation

A

Overconumpstion in violent media reuces emotional impact on violence because people become ‘used’ to it

24
Q

define systematic desensitisation

A

A person with a phobia is slowly reintroduced to the fear

25
Q

How does systematic desensitisation work

A
  • Person phobia broken down into small parts
  • patient taught to relax and made to create a fear hierarchy
  • starting with the stimuli that creates the less fear and building it up with the muslce relaxation techniques
26
Q

What does the systematic desensitation consist of

A
  • Construction of the hierarchy
  • Relaxation trainining
  • Graded exposure (imagination)
  • pratice in real life
27
Q

Explain the critiscm of the behavioural approach

A
  • Seen as dehumanising as it reduces humans to programmed stimulus and responses
28
Q

systematic desentisation

What did McGrath et al (1990) find

A

70% of his P’s found improvment BUT few patients were completely free of anxiety

29
Q

How does the cognitive approach explain depression

A

Assumes the human mind is like a processor and people can control how they select information and store it

30
Q

Explain beck (1967) cognitive triad

A
  • Negative view about the world
  • Negative view about the future
  • Negative view about self
31
Q

Explain Ellis ABC model (1962)

A

A - Activating agent (example getting a B in an exam)
B - Belief (can be rational or non rational)
C - Consequence (can be healthy or unhealthy)

32
Q

Schemas

Explain how Beck explains depressioon

A

Beck believes patients cause of negative thinking is through the negative triad, negative schemas and cognitive biases

33
Q

How does most cognitive therapy work

A
  1. Getting patients to recognist irrational thoughts
  2. Agreeing on a more realistic approach
  3. Putting this into pratice via a real life situation
34
Q

Define cognitive behaviour therapy and the assumptions

A
  • Recognises importance of changing both behaviour and thinking
  • Thoughts, behaviour and feeling all influence eachother
  • role of therapist is to help patients identify irrational thought and change their thoughts (negative bias)
35
Q

A lot of patients

Butler et al (2006) findings

A

studied 10000 patients and found CBT was effective in treating depression (better then anti depressants)

36
Q

reductionism

Explain critiscm of CBT

A
  • Approach states people are responsible for their psychological problems and could lead to people being blamed for abnormalities
  • Approach is reductionist as it ingnores biologial causes such as genetics
37
Q

How does serotonin link to agressive behaviour

A

Low level of serotonin can be linked to a agressive behaviour (serotoin regulates mood)

38
Q

What is beta blockers

A

Drugs that act on the sympathetic nervous system rather than the brain to reduce heart rate and blood pressure reduce the effects of stress

39
Q

Immunity

Why can cortisol damage health

A

Cortisol is a stress hormone and it damages health as raised levels can decrease immune function

40
Q

Relatives

Findings of Lenane (1990)

A

Lenane (1990) found that relatives who had OCD 30% of relatives to those also has it

41
Q

Zohar et al (1996)

Neural explanation for OCD

A
  • OCD can be due to low level of serotonin (nerotransmitters)
  • Zohar et al (1996) - found drugs that increase serotonin levels benefited 60% of OCD suffers
42
Q

What are some drug treatment for OCD

A
  1. Beta blockers - act on the automatic nervous system (ANS) to reduce anxiety by reducing heart rate and blood pressure
  2. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibiator (SSRI) - Increase level of serotonin as OCD can be a cause of low level of serotonin
43
Q

Drug therapy, easy to use and cheap

Advantages of biological approach for treating OCD

A
  • Drug therapy can be used along side CBT
  • Easy to use and does not involve patients changing lifestyle
  • Cheap compared to other therapy such as CBT
44
Q

Ethical concerns, not treat (suppress?)

Criticism of Biological approach treating OCD

A
  • Some drugs have unpleasants side effects and can lead to depdency also addiction
  • Suppress the symptons and not cure the disorder

a - level aqa psychology (component 1) (4 decks)

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