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psyc112 > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

psychopathology

A

the study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Wells et al 2006

A

maori and pacifica oversampled, >12,000pp, 40% met the criteria for a disorder, 60% in the last 12mo, difference in disorder rates for youth/low SES

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3
Q

te tiriti o waitangi informed approach

A

participation, protection, partnership
(equal access to psychopathology, best outcomes to young people, ensure voices are heard)

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4
Q

hauora

A

exploring various aspects of wellbeing through a maori lens based on a maori world view

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5
Q

te whare tapa wha

A

hauora

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6
Q

taha hinengaro

A

emotional wellbeing
- emotions
- thoughts
- feelings
- psychological disorders

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7
Q

taha tinana

A

physical wellbeing
- sleep
- injury
- cardio health

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8
Q

taha wairua

A

spiritual wellbeing
- value system
- dignity and respect
- identity
- contentment, peacefulness

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9
Q

taha whanau

A

social wellbeing
- whanau
- friends
- others around you (eg doctor)
- healthy relationships/communication
- role within the whanau

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10
Q

key features to define disorder

A
  • infrequency
  • deviance
  • distress
  • disability
  • danger
    (none of these alone is enough for a disorder)
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11
Q

infrequency

A

for a psychological disorder to occur there is infrequency

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12
Q

deviance

A

behaviours that are not considered normal, culturally defined (eg man crying)

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13
Q

distress

A

negative emotion or distress experienced in someones life by them or family/friends

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14
Q

disability

A

the degree of impairment experienced, differs by individual (can’t do what you want to do in your life)

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15
Q

danger

A

the degree of risk to
- self
- others
- from others
- property

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16
Q

disorder

A
  • psychological dysfunction
  • distress or impairment
  • atypical response
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17
Q

DSM-5-TR (2022)

A

manual of mental disorders, regular updating, NOS categories

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18
Q

anxiety (manawapa)

A

future focused distress, anticipated threat, impacts on physical health (dunedin study), impacts on social and occupational functioning

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19
Q

fear/panic

A

present focused, an immediate threat, automatic

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20
Q

components of anxiety

A
  • cognitive (thoughts, worries)
  • physiological (heart, stomach, sweating)
  • behavioural (avoidance)
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21
Q

fight or flight

A
  • automatic response to a threat
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • helpful historically, not very helpful now
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22
Q

phobia

A

types of anxiety disorders
- social anxiety
- separation anxiety
- specific phobia

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23
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of leaving the house

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24
Q

OCD

A

repetitive or excessive physical behaviours to neutralise the intrusive thoughts or images

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25
Q

PTSD

A

a stress reaction with an OBVIOUS TRIGGER following exposure to a traumatic event, intrusive symptoms, avoidance, arousal, changes in mood or cognition

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26
Q

panic disorder

A

a stress reaction with NO OBVIOUS TRIGGER

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27
Q

psychodynamic approach

A
  • aim: clients achieve insight (what is your drive?)
  • focus on dreams and free association
  • strong focus on the past
  • came from freud
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28
Q

behavioural approach

A
  • aim: clients identify that behaviours are the cause of disorder
  • focus on reinforcement instead of punishment
  • exposure therapy (classical & operant conditioning, graded exposure, VR)
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29
Q

cognitive approach

A
  • aim: clients identify and address maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and assumptions
  • Beck’s cognitive theory and negative beliefs of self, others, world
  • 3rd wave cognitive therapy (mindfulness)
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30
Q

personality disorders

A
  • persistent set of behaviours across multiple settings
  • inflexible and pervasive across situations
  • stable over time
  • cause usually linked to childhood/adolescence
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31
Q

cluster A (odd or eccentric)

A
  • paranoid personality (paranoia)
  • schizoid personality (no desire to socially engage
  • schizotypical personality (unusual social interactions, like schizophrenia but less severe)
32
Q

cluster B (dramatic)

A
  • anti-social personality (criminals, don’t adhere to rules)
  • borderline personality (unstable self image)
  • histrionic personality (false, histeria ‘women who are drawing attention to themselves’)
  • narcissistic personality (self focused)
33
Q

cluster C (anxious)

A
  • avoidant personality (avoid social settings due to fear of rejection)
  • dependant personality (self worth completely dependant on others)
  • obsessive compulsive personality (extreme ocd, very rigid high stds for others)
34
Q

personality disorder causes

A
  • genetics
  • childhood experiences
  • individual temperament
35
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • during the developmental period
  • genetic or biological cause
  • occur across the life span
  • often impact on learning ability
36
Q

intellectual disability

A

IQ<70, challenges with adaptive functioning (life skills)

37
Q

learning disorders

A

particular skill set deficit (eg dyslexia)

38
Q

autism spectrum disorders

A

social interaction differences

39
Q

ADHD

A

difficulty staying on task, short attention span, as people get older they learn how to manage it

40
Q

behavioural disruptive disorders

A
  • oppositional defiant disorder (anger to authority)
  • conduct disorder (violate norms)
  • potential environmental cause
  • tend to be externalising disorders
41
Q

psychoeducation

A

evidence based therapeutic intervention to develop understanding and provide support

42
Q

Ball/Bell et al

A
  • most common substance = alcohol
  • decrease in substance use in general
  • not due to smartphones
  • substance use differs between youth and adults
43
Q

role of whanau

A

younger people need support to implement change
- low degree of insight
- have little control over environment
- maturation of brain
- many life changes at this time

44
Q

comorbidities

A

one or more conditions co-occuring with a primary condition

45
Q

psychosis

A
  • focus on your perception of reality
  • difficulties distinguishing what is real and what is not (what is the most realistic scenario?)
  • high levels of distress
  • EXPERIENCE not a condition
46
Q

psychosis causes

A
  • psychological disorders (eg bipolar/schizophrenia)
  • major stress (eg childbirth)
  • drug use
47
Q

schizophrenia

A

2+ of
- delusions (different to intrusive thoughts)
- hallucinations
- disorganised
- catatonia (freeze, no interaction w/ environment)
- negative symptoms

48
Q

schizophrenia causes

A
  • brain disorder (predisposing factors, environmental causes)
  • birth month (spring, winter ^ chance)
  • pregnancy/birth complications
49
Q

schizophrenia treatment

A
  • antipsychotics
  • CBT
50
Q

schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • positive (more than what is normal)
  • negative (less than normal)
  • disorganised (flow of thoughts, scattered and hectic)
51
Q

spirituality

A

the values we hold, very different between people/communities/cultures

52
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • can have aspects of psychosis
  • mood features (depression and mania)
  • schizoaffective disorder (schizophrenia and depression/bipolar)
  • rapid cycling associated with worse outcomes
53
Q

bipolar I

A

manic episodes and periods of depression, more rapid, can cycle through bipolar II symptoms too

54
Q

bipolar II

A

hypomanic episodes/depression, less rapid and less severe

55
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • low mood loss of interest/pleasure
  • weight change
  • sleep/ energy difficulties
  • women crying, men and children irritable/angry
56
Q

major depressive disorder causes

A
  • genetics
  • environment (social or psychological)
57
Q

Beck’s theory of depression

A

negative thoughts/beliefs start cycle (thoughts > feelings > physical behaviour), changing thoughts/beliefs breaks the cycle

58
Q

cognitive distortions

A
  • shoulding (I should be able to do this - common in post natal depression)
  • black and white thinking
  • catastrophising
59
Q

Bennett’s CBT

A
  • flexible approach (eg whanau come in)
  • focus on world view (collectivist cultures)
  • fostering therapeutic relationship
60
Q

insomnia

A
  • dissatisfaction with sleep quantity and quality for at least 3 months
  • falling asleep, maintaining sleep, early morning waking
  • causes distress
61
Q

insomnia causes

A
  • physical (airways obstructed, pain)
  • psychological (anxiety, worry, stress)
  • poor sleep hygiene (bad routine)
62
Q

insomnia treatment

A
  • medical intervention
  • environment control
  • psychological intervention
63
Q

short term stress

A

can be normal and even helpful (increased arousal = optimal perfermance)

64
Q

long term stress

A
  • affects physical systems (^ stress hormones, ^ ageing)
  • affects mental health (depression, anxiety, worry)
65
Q

hitana et al

A

benefits of kaupapa maori research methods, allows us to understand the processes that lead to health inequalities, myth busting

66
Q

fa’alogo-ligo 2021

A

explored barriers and supports to pacific communities accessing help, talanoa approach

67
Q

binge eating disorder

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating
  • 3+ of binge eating criteria
  • distress regarding binge eating (functional impairment)
  • average binge eating frequency (at least once per week for 3+ months)
  • no inappropriate compensatory behaviours
    {no weight criteria}
68
Q

bulimia nervosa

A
  • recurrent episodes of binge eating
  • recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (purging vs non purging)
  • frequency (once a week for 3+ months)
  • self-concept influenced by body shape and weight
69
Q

anorexia nervosa

A
  • restriction of energy intake, insistence on remaining underweight by starvation, purging, exercise
  • intense fear of weight gain
  • any of; denial of seriousness, disturbance in perception, influence on self-concept
70
Q

purging

A

vomiting/inappropriate use of laxatives

71
Q

non purging

A

fasting/excessive exercise

72
Q

body dysmorphia

A
  • obsessed with perceived defect
  • repetitive thoughts/behaviours
    -clinically significant stress (functional impairment)
  • no eating disorder, focus is on specific aspect of body (eg scars) not always weight
73
Q

underweight

A

BMI <18.5

74
Q

normal weight

A

BMI 18.5-25

75
Q

overweight

A

BMI 25-30

76
Q

obese

A

BMI >30

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