psychopathology Flashcards
1
Q
psychopathology
A
the study of psychological disorders
2
Q
Wells et al 2006
A
maori and pacifica oversampled, >12,000pp, 40% met the criteria for a disorder, 60% in the last 12mo, difference in disorder rates for youth/low SES
3
Q
te tiriti o waitangi informed approach
A
participation, protection, partnership
(equal access to psychopathology, best outcomes to young people, ensure voices are heard)
4
Q
hauora
A
exploring various aspects of wellbeing through a maori lens based on a maori world view
5
Q
te whare tapa wha
A
hauora
6
Q
taha hinengaro
A
emotional wellbeing
- emotions
- thoughts
- feelings
- psychological disorders
7
Q
taha tinana
A
physical wellbeing
- sleep
- injury
- cardio health
8
Q
taha wairua
A
spiritual wellbeing
- value system
- dignity and respect
- identity
- contentment, peacefulness
9
Q
taha whanau
A
social wellbeing
- whanau
- friends
- others around you (eg doctor)
- healthy relationships/communication
- role within the whanau
10
Q
key features to define disorder
A
- infrequency
- deviance
- distress
- disability
- danger
(none of these alone is enough for a disorder)
11
Q
infrequency
A
for a psychological disorder to occur there is infrequency
12
Q
deviance
A
behaviours that are not considered normal, culturally defined (eg man crying)
13
Q
distress
A
negative emotion or distress experienced in someones life by them or family/friends
14
Q
disability
A
the degree of impairment experienced, differs by individual (can’t do what you want to do in your life)
15
Q
danger
A
the degree of risk to
- self
- others
- from others
- property
16
Q
disorder
A
- psychological dysfunction
- distress or impairment
- atypical response
17
Q
DSM-5-TR (2022)
A
manual of mental disorders, regular updating, NOS categories
18
Q
anxiety (manawapa)
A
future focused distress, anticipated threat, impacts on physical health (dunedin study), impacts on social and occupational functioning
19
Q
fear/panic
A
present focused, an immediate threat, automatic
20
Q
components of anxiety
A
- cognitive (thoughts, worries)
- physiological (heart, stomach, sweating)
- behavioural (avoidance)
21
Q
fight or flight
A
- automatic response to a threat
- sympathetic nervous system
- helpful historically, not very helpful now
22
Q
phobia
A
types of anxiety disorders
- social anxiety
- separation anxiety
- specific phobia
23
Q
agoraphobia
A
fear of leaving the house
24
Q
OCD
A
repetitive or excessive physical behaviours to neutralise the intrusive thoughts or images
25
PTSD
a stress reaction with an OBVIOUS TRIGGER following exposure to a traumatic event, intrusive symptoms, avoidance, arousal, changes in mood or cognition
26
panic disorder
a stress reaction with NO OBVIOUS TRIGGER
27
psychodynamic approach
- aim: clients achieve insight (what is your drive?)
- focus on dreams and free association
- strong focus on the past
- came from freud
28
behavioural approach
- aim: clients identify that behaviours are the cause of disorder
- focus on reinforcement instead of punishment
- exposure therapy (classical & operant conditioning, graded exposure, VR)
29
cognitive approach
- aim: clients identify and address maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and assumptions
- Beck's cognitive theory and negative beliefs of self, others, world
- 3rd wave cognitive therapy (mindfulness)
30
personality disorders
- persistent set of behaviours across multiple settings
- inflexible and pervasive across situations
- stable over time
- cause usually linked to childhood/adolescence
31
cluster A (odd or eccentric)
- paranoid personality (paranoia)
- schizoid personality (no desire to socially engage
- schizotypical personality (unusual social interactions, like schizophrenia but less severe)
32
cluster B (dramatic)
- anti-social personality (criminals, don't adhere to rules)
- borderline personality (unstable self image)
- histrionic personality (false, histeria 'women who are drawing attention to themselves')
- narcissistic personality (self focused)
33
cluster C (anxious)
- avoidant personality (avoid social settings due to fear of rejection)
- dependant personality (self worth completely dependant on others)
- obsessive compulsive personality (extreme ocd, very rigid high stds for others)
34
personality disorder causes
- genetics
- childhood experiences
- individual temperament
35
neurodevelopmental disorders
- during the developmental period
- genetic or biological cause
- occur across the life span
- often impact on learning ability
36
intellectual disability
IQ<70, challenges with adaptive functioning (life skills)
37
learning disorders
particular skill set deficit (eg dyslexia)
38
autism spectrum disorders
social interaction differences
39
ADHD
difficulty staying on task, short attention span, as people get older they learn how to manage it
40
behavioural disruptive disorders
- oppositional defiant disorder (anger to authority)
- conduct disorder (violate norms)
- potential environmental cause
- tend to be externalising disorders
41
psychoeducation
evidence based therapeutic intervention to develop understanding and provide support
42
Ball/Bell et al
- most common substance = alcohol
- decrease in substance use in general
- not due to smartphones
- substance use differs between youth and adults
43
role of whanau
younger people need support to implement change
- low degree of insight
- have little control over environment
- maturation of brain
- many life changes at this time
44
comorbidities
one or more conditions co-occuring with a primary condition
45
psychosis
- focus on your perception of reality
- difficulties distinguishing what is real and what is not (what is the most realistic scenario?)
- high levels of distress
- EXPERIENCE not a condition
46
psychosis causes
- psychological disorders (eg bipolar/schizophrenia)
- major stress (eg childbirth)
- drug use
47
schizophrenia
2+ of
- delusions (different to intrusive thoughts)
- hallucinations
- disorganised
- catatonia (freeze, no interaction w/ environment)
- negative symptoms
48
schizophrenia causes
- brain disorder (predisposing factors, environmental causes)
- birth month (spring, winter ^ chance)
- pregnancy/birth complications
49
schizophrenia treatment
- antipsychotics
- CBT
50
schizophrenia symptoms
- positive (more than what is normal)
- negative (less than normal)
- disorganised (flow of thoughts, scattered and hectic)
51
spirituality
the values we hold, very different between people/communities/cultures
52
bipolar disorder
- can have aspects of psychosis
- mood features (depression and mania)
- schizoaffective disorder (schizophrenia and depression/bipolar)
- rapid cycling associated with worse outcomes
53
bipolar I
manic episodes and periods of depression, more rapid, can cycle through bipolar II symptoms too
54
bipolar II
hypomanic episodes/depression, less rapid and less severe
55
major depressive disorder
- low mood loss of interest/pleasure
- weight change
- sleep/ energy difficulties
- women crying, men and children irritable/angry
56
major depressive disorder causes
- genetics
- environment (social or psychological)
57
Beck's theory of depression
negative thoughts/beliefs start cycle (thoughts > feelings > physical behaviour), changing thoughts/beliefs breaks the cycle
58
cognitive distortions
- shoulding (I should be able to do this - common in post natal depression)
- black and white thinking
- catastrophising
59
Bennett's CBT
- flexible approach (eg whanau come in)
- focus on world view (collectivist cultures)
- fostering therapeutic relationship
60
insomnia
- dissatisfaction with sleep quantity and quality for at least 3 months
- falling asleep, maintaining sleep, early morning waking
- causes distress
61
insomnia causes
- physical (airways obstructed, pain)
- psychological (anxiety, worry, stress)
- poor sleep hygiene (bad routine)
62
insomnia treatment
- medical intervention
- environment control
- psychological intervention
63
short term stress
can be normal and even helpful (increased arousal = optimal perfermance)
64
long term stress
- affects physical systems (^ stress hormones, ^ ageing)
- affects mental health (depression, anxiety, worry)
65
hitana et al
benefits of kaupapa maori research methods, allows us to understand the processes that lead to health inequalities, myth busting
66
fa'alogo-ligo 2021
explored barriers and supports to pacific communities accessing help, talanoa approach
67
binge eating disorder
- recurrent episodes of binge eating
- 3+ of binge eating criteria
- distress regarding binge eating (functional impairment)
- average binge eating frequency (at least once per week for 3+ months)
- no inappropriate compensatory behaviours
{no weight criteria}
68
bulimia nervosa
- recurrent episodes of binge eating
- recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (purging vs non purging)
- frequency (once a week for 3+ months)
- self-concept influenced by body shape and weight
69
anorexia nervosa
- restriction of energy intake, insistence on remaining underweight by starvation, purging, exercise
- intense fear of weight gain
- any of; denial of seriousness, disturbance in perception, influence on self-concept
70
purging
vomiting/inappropriate use of laxatives
71
non purging
fasting/excessive exercise
72
body dysmorphia
- obsessed with perceived defect
- repetitive thoughts/behaviours
-clinically significant stress (functional impairment)
- no eating disorder, focus is on specific aspect of body (eg scars) not always weight
73
underweight
BMI <18.5
74
normal weight
BMI 18.5-25
75
overweight
BMI 25-30
76
obese
BMI >30
