Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology paper 1 > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Statistical infrequency

A

a mathematical way of identifying and explaining abnormal behaviour - rare behaviour is assumed to be infrequent and abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

evaluation of statistical infrequency

A

✔️real world application

❌unusual characteristics (high IQ scores are rare, but it is not undesirable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

defines abnormality as behaving differently from what is expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

evaluation of deviation from social norms

A

✔️real world application (helps diagnose disorders - antisocial personality disorder)
❌cultural and situation relativism (social norms vary between cultures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

failure to function adequately

A

Rosenhan & Seligman (1989)

1) when a person no longer conforms to the standard interpersonal rules
2) when a person experiences severe personal distress
3) when a persons behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to themselves or others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evaluation of failure to function adequately

A

✔️prevents a threshold for help

❌discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

deviation from ideal mental health

A 
Jahoda (1958)
good mental health if …
- no symptoms or distress 
- rational and can perceive ourselves
- self-actualise
- cope with stress 
- realistic view of the world
- good self esteem and lack guilt
- independent 
- successfully work, love and enjoy our leisure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

A

✔️useful tool for thinking about mental health

❌cultural relativism ( specified to western cultures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

a condition which is characterised by obsessions and/or compulsive behaviours. obsessions are cognitive factors whereas compulsions are behavioural.
a neurological disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

1) compulsions are repetitive
2) compulsions reduce anxiety
3) avoidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

1) obsessive thoughts - around 90% of people with OCD have obsessive thoughts
2) cognitive coping strategies
3) insight to excess anxiety - people are aware their obsessions and compulsions are not rational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

emotional characteristics of OCD

A

1) anxiety and distress
2) accompanying depression
3) guilt and disgust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

genetic explanation

A

chromosomes and DNA determine behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diathesis-stress

A

interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Co-morbidity

A

Where two or more disorders are likely to be present together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter implicated in OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

brain chemicals released from vesicles that relay signals across the synapse from one neuron to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polygenic

A

where two or more disorders are likely to be present together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neural explanation

A

suggestion that the nervous system determines psychological characteristics including disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

predisposition

A

making someone liable to something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

candidate genes

A

genes which create vulnerability to OCD

- they regulate the development of serotonin in the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

aetiology

A

origins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterogeneous

A

different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

COMT gene

A
  • regulates the neurotransmitter dopamine
  • one variation results in higher levels of dopamine
  • more common in OCD patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

SERT gene

A
  • transportation issues cause lower levels of serotonin to be active in the brain - associated with OCD
  • Ozaki et al (2003) published results from a study of two unrelated families who both had mutations of this gene. He found that 6 out of 7 family members had OCD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

evaluation of genetic explanation

A

✔️evidence to support (Nestadt et al)

❌environmental risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

neural explanation

A

the genes associated with OCD are likely to affect the levels of key neurotransmitters in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

decision making systems

A
  • some cases are linked with impaired decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

serotonin levels

A

low levels of serotonin means normal transmission of mood-relevant information doesn’t take place and a person may experience low moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

basal ganglia

A

a cluster of neurons at the base of the forebrain, which is involved in multiple processes, including the coordination of movement

32
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

a region which converts sensory information into thoughts and actions

33
Q

evaluation of neural explanations

A

✔️real life application (research shows that antidepressants that work purely on serotonin are effective in reducing OCD symptoms)
✔️evidence to support ( some neural systems don’t work normally in people with OCD)
❌serotonin-OCD may not be unique to OCD

34
Q

biological approach to treating OCD

A

drug therapies aim to restore the chemical imbalances in the brain - they aim to increase or decrease the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase or decrease their activity

35
Q

Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibiters

A

SSRI’s
- They prevent the reabsorption and breakdown which increases the level of serotonin in the synapse , which means the post-synaptic neuron is always stimulated

36
Q

Tricyclics

A
  • stops serotonin from being absorbed
37
Q

Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

A

SNRI’s

  • increases serotonin and noradrenaline
  • different class of antidepressant (only used when people don’t respond to SSRI’s)
38
Q

combining SSRI’s with other treatments

A
  • drugs are often used alongside cognitive behavioural therapy to treat OCD
  • the drugs reduce emotional symptoms which means that the person can effectively engage in CBT
  • some people respond best to CBT on its own whilst some benefit from both
39
Q

benzodiazepines

A
  • focuses on GABA
  • works because GABA tells the brain to slow down and to ‘stop firing’ + has a general quietening influence in the brain and reduces anxiety
  • this is important as OCD includes obsessive thoughts
  • GABA locks onto receptor sites , the flow of chloride ions are increased -> chloride ions make it more difficult for the receiving neuron to be stimulated by further neurotransmitters
  • nervous system is slowed down, making the patient feel more relaxed
40
Q

evaluation of biological approach to treating OCD

A

✔️benefits society (reduces symptom severity and improves the quality of life)
✔️cost effective and non-disruptive
❌drug treatment sometimes doesnt help people

41
Q

definition of depression

A

a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

42
Q

behavioural characteristics of depression

A

1) activity levels (reduced levels of energy, which causes a withdrawal from work, education and social life)
2) disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
3) aggression and self harm

43
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A

1) poor concentration
2) attending to and dwelling on the negative
3) absolutist thinking

44
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A

1) lowered mood
2) anger
3) lowered self esteem

45
Q

Beck’s negative triad

A

self

    future                                                   world
46
Q

negative self-schema

A

a package of information about themselves

47
Q

faulty information processing

A

depressed people pay selective attention

48
Q

evaluation of beck’s theory

A

✔️supporting research

✔️real life application (screening)

49
Q

Ellis’s ABC model

A

1) Activating events
2) Beliefs (musturbation- always achieve perfection, ‘i-cant-stand-it-itis’ - everything is a disaster, utopianism - life is meant to be fair)
3) Consequences

50
Q

evaluation of Ellis’ ABC model

A

✔️real world application (REBT)

❌only explains reactive depression

51
Q

cognitive element in treatment

A
  • assess the clients problems
    therapist and client jointly identify the goals for the therapy and generate a plan
  • identify where there might be negative or irrational thoughts
52
Q

behavioural element of treatment

A
  • change the negative and irrational thoughts and put more effective behaviour in place
53
Q

Beck’s cognitive theory

A

main assumption = to identify and challenge thoughts about the world, self and future

54
Q

client as a scientist

A

clients test the reality of their negative thoughts

55
Q

client homework

A

if a client has irrational thoughts, the therapist will have evidence to oppose the thoughts

56
Q

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy

A

REBT extends the ABC model to ABCDE

57
Q

draw the ABCDE model

A

a -> b -> c -> d -> e

58
Q

central technique to REBT

A

to challenge irrational thoughts using a vigorous arguement

59
Q

what is the intended effect of REBT

A

to break the link between negative life events and depression

60
Q

forms of a vigorous argument

A

empirical argument - disputing whether there is actual evidence to support negative beliefs
logical argument - disputing whether the negative thoughts logically follow from facts

61
Q

goal of behavioural activation

A
  • reduces avoidance and isolation

- increases engagement in activites

62
Q

evaluation of CBT

A

✔️supporting evidence (March et al)
✔️real world application (first choice of treatment in public healthcare systems)
❌not suitable for severe cases of depression

63
Q

phobia definition

A

an irrational fear of an object or situation

64
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

1) selective attention to phobic stimuli
2) cognitive distortion
3) irrational beliefs

65
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

1) panic
2) avoidance
3) endurance

66
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A

1) anxiety
2) fear
3) emotional response is unreasonable

67
Q

The two-process model

A

Hobart Mowrer (1960)

  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
68
Q

classical conditioning in phobias

A
  • onset of the phobia

- Watson & Rayner (1920) -> Little Albert

69
Q

operant conditioning in phobias

A
  • maintains the phobia
  • whenever a phobic stimulus is avoided, we successfully escape the fear and anxiety that we would experience if we remained there
70
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach

A

✔️real world application (two process model helped develop exposure therapies)
✔️evidence to support (Little Albert -> loud noise & rats)
❌reductionist (two process model)

71
Q

systematic desensitisation

A
  • gradually reduces phobic anxiety through classical conditioning
  • person must learn to relax in front of the phobic stimulus
  • phobic stimulus is paired with relaxation instead of anxiety
72
Q

SD: anxiety/fear heirarchy

A

client and therapist put a list of situations together, ranked from the least to most frightening

73
Q

SD: relaxation

A

therapist teaches client relaxation techniques (breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, meditation)

74
Q

SD: exposure

A

client is exposed to their phobia from the bottom of the hierarchy, to the top. Once relaxed, they can move up the hierarchy

75
Q

evaluation of systematic desensitisation

A

✔️evidence to support (Gilroy et al)

✔️virtual reality

76
Q

Flooding

A

exposing someone to their phobic stimulus without the gradual build up

77
Q

evaluation of flooding

A

✔️cost effective (one session)

❌unpleasant (immediate fear)

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions