psychopathology

Question 1

deviation from social norms

Answer 1

a behaviour different from how most people behave e.g hearing voices

Question 2

failure to function adequately

Answer 2

inability to cope with the challenges of daily life such as maintaining personal hygiene, showing maladaptive behaviour

Question 3

statistical infrequency

Answer 3

abnormal behaviour that is very rare e.g very low/high IQ

Question 4

deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 4

jahoda - deviation from 6 symtoms indicate abnormality: environmental mastery, autonomy, stress, self actualisation, positive attitude to yourself, accurate perception of reality e.g low self esteem

Question 5

behavioural characteristic of phobias

Answer 5

avoidance of the phobic object, displaying a panic response and failure to function, so not being able to complete normal tasks

Question 6

emotional characteristic of phobias

Answer 6

high levels of anxiety stopping anxiety and fear

Question 7

cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 7

irrational beliefs about phobic objects, overstating potential dangers/importance and reduced cognitive capacity

Question 8

behavioural - depression

Answer 8

weight loss/gain, low energy, self harm, poor personal hygiene etc

Question 9

emotional - depression

Answer 9

persistent low mood/sadness, anger, decline in self-worth

Question 10

cognitive - depression

Answer 10

poor concentration, persistent concerns focusing on negative outcomes

Question 11

behavioural - OCD

Answer 11

• compulsions e.g checking or cleaning behvaiour
• avoidance of behvaiour that leads to obsessive thoughts
• reduction in social interactions due to anxiety

Question 12

emotional - ocd

Answer 12

extreme anxiety caused by persistent obsessive thoughts
- depression due to the impact of the disorder and enjoyable activities

Question 13

cognitive - ocd

Answer 13

• obsessions which are reducing thoughts focusing on the worst case scenario
• an understanding of the irrationality

Question 14

behavioural approach to phobias

Answer 14

behavioural characteristics of phobias as primary importance

Question 15

two process model (mowrer)

Answer 15

• acquisition through classical conditioning
• phobias maintained by negative reinforcement according to operant conditioning

Question 16

classical conditioning

Answer 16

neutral stimulus associated with fear, then becomes phobic object

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

individual avoiding situations with the phobic object - learning the pleasurable effect this has on their anxiety

Question 18

positive eval of behaviourism and phobia

Answer 18

• watson and rayner - little albert
• behaviourist theories of phobia formation and maintenance have led to effective counter conditioning treatment

Question 19

negative eval

Answer 19

• menzies and clarke: when asked, 2% of children with a fear of water could recall a traumatic experience with water - suggesting behavioural explanation can’t explain for all phobias
• common phobias of snakes, dogs and birds make sense from a evolutionary perspective (seligman - biological preparedness)

Question 20

systematic desensitisation

Answer 20

a behvaioural therapy i.e based on learning

Question 21

anxiety hierarchy

Answer 21

high and low anxiety situations identified involving the phobic stimulus

Question 22

relaxation

Answer 22

patient taught relaxation techniques or introduced to anti-anxiety drugs

Question 23

gradual exposure

Answer 23

patient works up the anxiety hierarchy, maintaining relaxation at each level

Question 24

how systematic desensitisation works

Answer 24

counter conditioning - the phobic stimulus is paired with a relaxing stimulus until it triggers relaxation not anxiety

Question 25

flooding

Answer 25

- immediate and full exposure to the maximum levels of the phobic stimulus - causes temporary panic in the client, and they may try to escape - clinician will keep the client in this situation until the temporary panic has stopped due to exhaustion and the client is calm in the presence of the phobic object

Question 26

eval od treatment for phobia

Answer 26

+ effective (gilroy), suitable for a diverse range of patients, patients prefer it - not effective for all phobias (e.g social phobias), treatment can be traumatic

Question 27

beck's theory

Answer 27

explains vulnerability to depression in cognitive terms

Question 28

faulty information processing

Answer 28

selective attention to the negative aspects of situations

Question 29

negative self-schemas

Answer 29

these affect how we interpret any new information relevant to us

Question 30

negative triad

Answer 30

negative schemas about the world, the self, future

Question 31

ellis' abc model

Answer 31

irrational beliefs make us over-react to events and get depressed

Question 32

A - activating event

Answer 32

a negative life event

Question 33

B - beliefs

Answer 33

irrational interpretations of A make us over-react to the life event

Question 34

C - consequences

Answer 34

emotional and behavioural outcome is depression

Question 35

cbt

Answer 35

talking therapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational thoughts

Question 36

beck

Answer 36

- focus on present experience - challenges negative triad - patient taught thought catching - client as scientist: reality testing irrational thoughts by doing homework - behavioural activation: encouraging clients to take part in enjoyable activities, improving emotion

Question 37

ellis' REBT

Answer 37

- adapts the abc model - adds D: disputation/challenge of irrational beliefs - leads to E (effective change) --- disputation can be either logical or empirical

Question 38

genetic vulnerability to ocd

Answer 38

some people appear to be predisposed to develop OCD as a result of their genetic make-up

Question 39

candidate genes

Answer 39

specific genes are likely to be involved in vulnerability, e.g. 5HT1-D beta

Question 40

polygenic

Answer 40

May be 230 genetic variations may be involved in OCD (Taylor), e.g. coding for serotonin.

Question 41

concordance in twins

Answer 41

genetic origins showing 10% concordance in first degree relations and twin studies showing as high as 87%

Question 42

neural transmitters

Answer 42

abnormal functioning of neurotransmitters and/or brain structures

Question 43

sert gene

Answer 43

disregulation of serotonin

Question 44

comt gene

Answer 44

disregulation of dopamine

Question 45

serotonin and ocd

Answer 45

abnormal tranmission of mood relevant info

Question 46

decision-making systems

Answer 46

Lateral frontal lobes impaired, responsible for logical thinking and making decisions

Question 47

processing unpleasant emotions

Answer 47

Parahippocampal gyrus may be impaired.

Question 48

ssris

Answer 48

Increase levels of serotonin at the synapse by preventing reuptake. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an example.

Question 49

combination treatments

Answer 49

SSRIs combined with psychological therapies like CBT and with other drugs

Question 50

alternative treatments to ssris for

Answer 50

Clomipramine and the SNRIs.