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3. PSYCH paper 1 > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

deviation from social norms

A

a behaviour different from how most people behave e.g hearing voices

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2
Q

failure to function adequately

A

inability to cope with the challenges of daily life such as maintaining personal hygiene, showing maladaptive behaviour

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3
Q

statistical infrequency

A

abnormal behaviour that is very rare e.g very low/high IQ

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4
Q

deviation from ideal mental health

A

jahoda - deviation from 6 symtoms indicate abnormality: environmental mastery, autonomy, stress, self actualisation, positive attitude to yourself, accurate perception of reality e.g low self esteem

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5
Q

behavioural characteristic of phobias

A

avoidance of the phobic object, displaying a panic response and failure to function, so not being able to complete normal tasks

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6
Q

emotional characteristic of phobias

A

high levels of anxiety stopping anxiety and fear

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7
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

irrational beliefs about phobic objects, overstating potential dangers/importance and reduced cognitive capacity

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8
Q

behavioural - depression

A

weight loss/gain, low energy, self harm, poor personal hygiene etc

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9
Q

emotional - depression

A

persistent low mood/sadness, anger, decline in self-worth

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10
Q

cognitive - depression

A

poor concentration, persistent concerns focusing on negative outcomes

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11
Q

behavioural - OCD

A
  • compulsions e.g checking or cleaning behvaiour
  • avoidance of behvaiour that leads to obsessive thoughts
  • reduction in social interactions due to anxiety
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12
Q

emotional - ocd

A

extreme anxiety caused by persistent obsessive thoughts
- depression due to the impact of the disorder and enjoyable activities

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13
Q

cognitive - ocd

A
  • obsessions which are reducing thoughts focusing on the worst case scenario
  • an understanding of the irrationality
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14
Q

behavioural approach to phobias

A

behavioural characteristics of phobias as primary importance

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15
Q

two process model (mowrer)

A
  • acquisition through classical conditioning
  • phobias maintained by negative reinforcement according to operant conditioning
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16
Q

classical conditioning

A

neutral stimulus associated with fear, then becomes phobic object

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17
Q

operant conditioning

A

individual avoiding situations with the phobic object - learning the pleasurable effect this has on their anxiety

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18
Q

positive eval of behaviourism and phobia

A
  • watson and rayner - little albert
  • behaviourist theories of phobia formation and maintenance have led to effective counter conditioning treatment
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19
Q

negative eval

A
  • menzies and clarke: when asked, 2% of children with a fear of water could recall a traumatic experience with water - suggesting behavioural explanation can’t explain for all phobias
  • common phobias of snakes, dogs and birds make sense from a evolutionary perspective (seligman - biological preparedness)
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20
Q

systematic desensitisation

A

a behvaioural therapy i.e based on learning

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21
Q

anxiety hierarchy

A

high and low anxiety situations identified involving the phobic stimulus

22
Q

relaxation

A

patient taught relaxation techniques or introduced to anti-anxiety drugs

23
Q

gradual exposure

A

patient works up the anxiety hierarchy, maintaining relaxation at each level

24
Q

how systematic desensitisation works

A

counter conditioning - the phobic stimulus is paired with a relaxing stimulus until it triggers relaxation not anxiety

25
Q

flooding

A
  • immediate and full exposure to the maximum levels of the phobic stimulus
  • causes temporary panic in the client, and they may try to escape
  • clinician will keep the client in this situation until the temporary panic has stopped due to exhaustion and the client is calm in the presence of the phobic object
26
Q

eval od treatment for phobia

A

+ effective (gilroy), suitable for a diverse range of patients, patients prefer it
- not effective for all phobias (e.g social phobias), treatment can be traumatic

27
Q

beck’s theory

A

explains vulnerability to depression in cognitive terms

28
Q

faulty information processing

A

selective attention to the negative aspects of situations

29
Q

negative self-schemas

A

these affect how we interpret any new information relevant to us

30
Q

negative triad

A

negative schemas about the world, the self, future

31
Q

ellis’ abc model

A

irrational beliefs make us over-react to events and get depressed

32
Q

A - activating event

A

a negative life event

33
Q

B - beliefs

A

irrational interpretations of A make us over-react to the life event

34
Q

C - consequences

A

emotional and behavioural outcome is depression

35
Q

cbt

A

talking therapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational thoughts

36
Q

beck

A
  • focus on present experience
  • challenges negative triad
  • patient taught thought catching
  • client as scientist: reality testing irrational thoughts by doing homework
  • behavioural activation: encouraging clients to take part in enjoyable activities, improving emotion
37
Q

ellis’ REBT

A
  • adapts the abc model
  • adds D: disputation/challenge of irrational beliefs
  • leads to E (effective change)
    — disputation can be either logical or empirical
38
Q

genetic vulnerability to ocd

A

some people appear to be predisposed to develop OCD as a result of their genetic make-up

39
Q

candidate genes

A

specific genes are likely to be involved in vulnerability, e.g. 5HT1-D beta

40
Q

polygenic

A

May be 230 genetic variations may be involved in OCD (Taylor), e.g. coding for serotonin.

41
Q

concordance in twins

A

genetic origins showing 10% concordance in first degree relations and twin studies showing as high as 87%

42
Q

neural transmitters

A

abnormal functioning of neurotransmitters and/or brain structures

43
Q

sert gene

A

disregulation of serotonin

44
Q

comt gene

A

disregulation of dopamine

45
Q

serotonin and ocd

A

abnormal tranmission of mood relevant info

46
Q

decision-making systems

A

Lateral frontal lobes impaired, responsible for logical thinking and making decisions

47
Q

processing unpleasant emotions

A

Parahippocampal gyrus may be impaired.

48
Q

ssris

A

Increase levels of serotonin at the synapse by preventing reuptake. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an example.

49
Q

combination treatments

A

SSRIs combined with psychological therapies like CBT and with other drugs

50
Q

alternative treatments to ssris for

A

Clomipramine and the SNRIs.

3. PSYCH paper 1 (4 decks)

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