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Host Defense 2 > Psychoneuroimmunology > Flashcards

Psychoneuroimmunology Flashcards

1
Q

CNS connection to the immune system, direct and indirect?

A

direct: neuronal
indirect: neuroendocrine

direct is the innervation of primary (thymus, bone marrow) and secondary lymphoid organs (spleen) as well as the adrenal medulla

indirect is the CNS communicates hormonally with the immune system

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2
Q

What stimulates the bone marrow?

A

Noradrenergic fibers

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3
Q

What stimulates the thymus?

A

noradrenergic
cholinergic(ACh)
Peptidergic fibers (neuropeptides)

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4
Q

What stimulates the spleen?

A

noradrenergic

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5
Q

What stimulates the lymph nodes?

A

noradrenergic

Peptidergic

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6
Q

What does cortisol do?

A 
anti-inflammatory 
reduces:
cytokine production
T and B cell reactivity 
NK cell activity
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7
Q

EPI, NE, GABA, ACH, Serotonin stimulate what, to synthesize and release what? What does this stimulate? What does this do?

A
  • PVN of hypothalamus to synthesize and release CRH into the portal blood
  • stimulates the release of ACTC into peripheral circulation
  • ACTH causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland into circulation
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8
Q

What is the adrenal medulla innervated by? What activates the adrenal medulla

A

sympathetic nerve fibers (with ganglia in the hypothalamus)

-hypothalamus activates splanchnic nerves which in turn trigger chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

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9
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Act as neurotransmitters in the CNS and are released into circulation by adrenal medulla

  • increase leukocyte mobilization
  • –>increase in NK cell activity
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10
Q

Where do endorphins originate what do they do”

A

Originate from POMC (synthesized in pituitary after CRH stimulation) but can also be synthesized in immune competent cells

  • play an important role in analgesia and euphoria
  • increase T cell reactivity and NK cell activity
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11
Q

Where are enkephalins produced, what do they do?

A

-produced in the brain, pituitary, and adrenal gland (simultaneously with epinephrine and norepinephrine)

  • play a role in analgesia
  • can bind to the same opioid receptors as endorphins

*Endorphins act more like hormones while enkephalins act more like neurotransmitters

–increase T cell reactivity and NK cell activity

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12
Q

What are the types of stress?

A
  • acute controllable emotional or mental stress

- chronic uncontrollable negative stress

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13
Q

An example of acute controllable stress is parachute jumping, what cells do you see immediately increase?

A

-Increase in number of circulating leukocytes-particularly NK cells

  1. HR
  2. cortisol-goes up more slowly and stays up
  3. epinephrine
  4. norepinephrine
  • circulating mononuclear cells (T, Helper T, CD8, Monocytes, NK cells0
  • increase in NK cell activity
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14
Q

These short lasting stress related immune modulations is associated with what?

A

increased catecholamine levels

-fight or flight

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15
Q

What happens if you administer epinephrine or norepinephrine?

A

-increase the number of circulating NK cells

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16
Q

What happens to the number of mononuclear cell populations after 1 hr?

A
  • populations decreased because the cells have localized to the regional lymph nodes
  • that way they can respond quickly to antigenic challenges
  • effect is mimicked by the administration of catecholamines and cortisol
  • leukocyte levels return to normal
17
Q

What is redistribution to the lymph a consequence of?

A
  • hormonal modification of adhesion molecules on the surface of the leukocytes ( increased expression of CD 11a)
  • activation of cognate adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells ICAM1
18
Q

What usually happens once the immune system is mobilized and ready?

A

Cortisol switches energy to muscles for flight or fight

19
Q

How do low cortisol concentrations affect the DHT response?

A

enhance it

20
Q

HOw do high concentrations of cortisol effect the DTH response?

A

depresses it

21
Q

How does chronic cortisol effect the DTH response?

A

decrease it

22
Q

OVerall does acute stress enhance and chronic stress depress cell mediated immunity?

A

yes

23
Q

What levels so you see decreased in chronic stress?

A
  • decreased cytokine production (IL-1)

- decreased antibody production

24
Q

How does chronic stress effect the flu?

A
  • decreased cytokine response to influenza vaccine(IL-2)

- increased numbers of colds and flu

25
Q

What cytokines are produced as a consequence of on-going immune or inflammatory process have a direct effect on the CNS? WHat does this result in? What are the two wyas cytokines produce these symptroms/

A

Il 1
TNF
IL 6
-fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, diminished appetite, lethargy

-change firing frequencies of nerve cells in the CNS and influence the secretion of neuroendocrine factors of HPA-ACTH

  1. circulation
  2. afferent neurons (vagal)
  • alert the brain to infection ACTH
    Beta Endorphin
    Enkephalins or distress
26
Q

What do the cytokines do via the circulation?

A
  1. cross the bbb through the CVO (neurons in this area express receptors for IL1, TNF, IL6)
    (receptors have been found in pituitary and CNS)
  2. interaction with recptors results in neural system activation adn production of prostaglandins
27
Q

What do the cytokines do via vagal afferents?

A

IL 1 produced by leukocytes stimulates the related regions of the brain

28
Q

What neuropeptides and neurotransmitters can leukocytes produce?

A

ACTH
Beta Endorphin
Enkephalins

29
Q

How does the CNS interact with the immune system to regulate excessive inflammation?

A
  • efferent vagus and splenic nerve
    1. splenic–>NE
    2. leads to production of ACh by T lymphocytes (NE binds to B2 adrenergic receptor on T-lymphocyte)
    3. Ach interacts with macrophages (via alpha 7 Ach receptors) within the spleen and inhibits transcription of IL-1, Il-6, and TNF
30
Q

Energy is required for both stress and immune function but energy cannot be diverted to both simultaneously. After the release of catecholamines which mobilizes leukocytes of the immune system, the immune system is temporarily suppressed by what?

A

slower release of cortisol in order to maximize for the flight or fight response

31
Q

HOw does this suppression of the immune system by cortisol differ in short term stress vs long term stress?

A

short term-highly adaptive where body may resume normal immune function

32
Q

Do acutely stressed individuals show more or less leukocyte infiltration, production of chemokines, IL 1, 6, TNF and INF in response to immunological change?

A

more

33
Q

How does acute stress affect dendritic cells?

A

enhances maturation and trafficking of dendritic cells to sites of antigenic challenge

34
Q

How would acute stress affect affect an autoimmune response, or inflammatory insult or disease condition?

A

worsened by increased immune response

Host Defense 2 (12 decks)

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