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Drugs, Brain and Behaviour > Psychomotor Stimulants > Flashcards

Psychomotor Stimulants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are naturally occurring amphetamine-like compounds?

A

cathinone

ephedrine/pseudoephedrine

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2
Q

What is the function of cathinone?

A

potent stimulant, increases HR, excitement, euphoria, anorectic

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3
Q

What is the function of ephedrine?

A

constricts the nasal blood vessels reducing congestion

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4
Q

What are some medical uses for amphetamines?

A 
reducing congestion
alertness
anorectic
antidepressant
attention deficits
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5
Q

What are the major effects of amphetamines on humans?

A 
autonomic function
analeptic
anorectic
decreased fatigue
alertness
euphoria
withdrawal
psychosis
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6
Q

What are the major effects of amphetamines on non-human animals?

A

autonomic functions
psychomotor stimulant
reinforcement
fragmentation of natural behaviours

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7
Q

What are the possible forms of cocaine?

A 
raw leaves
paste
hydrochloride
free base
crack
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8
Q

How do the different forms of cocaine affect its function?

A

changes the method of administration
paste/free base/crack; smokable
hydrochloride; injected

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9
Q

Describe the pharmacokinetics of cocaine

A

rapid metabolism and elimination

half life; 0.5-1.5 hours

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10
Q

What are the differences between the action of cocaine and amphetamine?

A

duration of action

cardiovascular effects

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11
Q

What are the effects of repeated psychostimulant administration?

A

tolerance; escalation of dose for same effect

sensitisation; decreased dose for same effect

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12
Q

What can cause psychostimulant tolerance?

A

closely spaced drug exposure
continuous drug infusion
binge usage

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13
Q

What can happens in psychostimulant sensitisation?

A

psychoses
punding
animals; increased locomotor activity/stereotypy

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14
Q

What can influence psychostimulant sensitisation?

A

stress
sex; increased in females
rate of infusion
administration environment

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15
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

neurotransmitters mediating reward

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16
Q

Name the catecholamines

A

dopamine
epinephrine
norepinephrine

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17
Q

Name an indolamine and its function

A

serotonin; mood regulation

18
Q

How are catecholamines synthesised?

A

tyrosine

19
Q

Where are DA cell bodies?

A

VTA/nigra

20
Q

Where are NE cell bodies?

A

locus coeruleus

21
Q

Where is NE released from?

A

sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands

22
Q

Where is serotonin released from?

A

raphe nuclei

23
Q

What are the types of monoamine?

A

catecholamine

indolamine

24
Q

What is the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?

A

tyrosine-hydroxylate

25
Q

What is dopamine synthesised from?

A

L-dopa

26
Q

What is l-dopa synthesised from?

A

l-tyrosine

27
Q

What is NE synthesised from?

A

dopamine

28
Q

What is epinephrine synthesised from?

A

NE

29
Q

What are monoamines packed into vesicles by?

A

VMAT2

30
Q

What are monoamines degraded by?

A

monoamine oxidase

31
Q

Where is dopamine expression particularly high?

A

striatum neurons
~ half express D1
~ half express D2

32
Q

what is the difference in action of D1 and D2?

A

d1 stimulates

d2 reduces

33
Q

What types are the d1 class?

A

d1, d5

34
Q

what types are in the d2 class?

A

d2, d3, d4

35
Q

What is the primary site of action of amphetamines and cocaine?

A

monoamine transporters

36
Q

What action does cocaine have on monoamines and where?

A

blocks DAT
enhances size and duration of monoamine release events
2-4 fold increase in stratal DA

37
Q

What action do amphetamines have on monoamines?

A

stimulate DA release by inhibiting storage

reverse DAT

38
Q

What is the core mechanism or cocaine addiction?

A

DAT blockade

39
Q

Dopamine blockade in which brain area disrupts cocaine self-administration?

A

NAcc

40
Q

Which neural system promotes psychomotor and rewarding effects?

A

increased DA transmission at DA terminals in SN and VTA

41
Q

Which pathways involve drug seeking?

A

excitatory input to VTA

Drugs, Brain and Behaviour (6 decks)

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