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Research Psychology > Psychometrics > Flashcards

Psychometrics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychometrics?

A
  • psychological measurement

- the measurement of mental capacity, thought processes, aspects of personality.

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2
Q

what is measurement?

A

the assignment of numbers to objects and events according to some rules

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3
Q

What is a test?

A

measurement devices or techniques used to quantify behaviour

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4
Q

Psychometric aim

A

to operationally define and quantify the things it measures

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5
Q

overt behaviour

A
  • observable

- eg. time needed to put 10 pegs in a board

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6
Q

covert behaviour

A
  • mental, social or physical action or practice that is not immediately observable
  • eg anxiety
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7
Q

define psychological test

A

a test designed to provide a quantitative analysis of a person’s mental capacities or personality traits, typically shown by responses to a standard series of questions or statements

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8
Q

define test items

A

a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly

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9
Q

Individual tests

A
  • administered to one person at a time
  • useful for collecting comprehensive info
  • eg personality, iq tests
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10
Q

negatives of individual tests

A
  • some degree of subjectivity in the scoring

- time, cost and labour intensive

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11
Q

group tests

A
  • designed to be administered to more that one person at a time
  • eg. university class tests (mcq)
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12
Q

positives of group tests

A
  • scoring is more objective

- economical and time-saving

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13
Q

WAIS

A
  • The Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale

- individual test

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14
Q

Rorschach test

A
  • ink blot test

- individual test

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15
Q

Ability tests

A
  • measure skills in terms of speed, accuracy or both
    1. achievement
    2. aptitude
    3. intelligence
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16
Q

Achievement tests

A
  • refers to a person’s past/previous learning

- designed to measure acomplishment of a task

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17
Q

Aptitude Tests

A
  • individual’s potential to learn a specified task under training
  • potential for learning a new skill
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18
Q

Intelligence test

A
  • refers to a person’s general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly
  • measures general mental abilities
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19
Q

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A

-intelligence test

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20
Q

Structured Personality tests

A
  • self-report statements
  • chose between alternative responses
  • eg. true/false
21
Q

Projective Personality Tests

A
  • unstructured, spontaneous response
  • provides and ambiguous stimulus
  • eg Rorschach
22
Q

TAT

A

Thematic Apperception Test

-provides ambiguous pics and you have to make up a story

23
Q

Norm-Referenced Tests

A

test score is judged against the distribution of scores obtained by other test takers

24
Q

Criterion-Referenced Tests

A

compare each individual’s performance to a criterion or expected level of performance
-eg. you need 50% to pass your exam

25
Q

Contributions of the Han Dynasty to modern testing

A
  • names of candidates had to be concealed
  • independent assessments
  • conditions of examinations should be standardised
26
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1879

  • ‘brass instruments’ era of testing
  • ‘thought meter’ - overly simplistic but demonstrated empirical analysis that sought to explain individual differences
27
Q

Galton

A
  • father of modern psychometrics
  • believed everything was measurable
  • was more interested in problems of human evolution than pscyhology
28
Q

Galton’s contributions

A
  • attempted to measure intellect by things such as visual, auditory and weight discrimination (mostly failed)
  • came up with Pearson Product correlation for analyzing data from these experiments
  • used the normal curve to plot test scores
  • came up with twin studies to study hereditary factors
29
Q

James Cattel

A
  • invented the term ‘mental test’
  • examined relationships between academic grades, psycho-sensory tests and the size of the brain
  • proposed 10 mental tests
  • took brass instrument method to USA
30
Q

Alfred Binet

A
  • first to develop intelligence test

- wanted to separate children with intellectual disabilities from normal children in schools

31
Q

Binet’s test

A
  1. did not measure any single faculty
  2. aim was classification, not measurement
  3. brief and practical
  4. measured practical judgement
  5. items were ordered by level of difficulty
32
Q

Stanford-Binet scale

A
  • developed by Lewis Terman
  • adapted Binet test for American schools and adults
  • relied on language/vocab skills
  • included IQ
33
Q

Lewis Terman

A
  • coined term IQ

- developed Stanford-Binet scale

34
Q

Eugenics

A

the science of using controlled, selective breeding to improve hereditary qualities of the human race and create superior individuals.

35
Q

Positive Eugenics

A

encouraging reproduction of the genetically ‘fit’

36
Q

Negative Eugenics

A

aims to prevent those deemed physically, mentally or morally unfit to procreate

37
Q

Fitter Family Contests

A
  • positive eugenics
  • judged on physical, mental and moral traits
  • given a score
  • encouraged to procreate
38
Q

example of negative eugenics

A

-forced sterilizations

39
Q

Robert Yerkes

A
  • rise of the group tests
  • used to evaluate soldiers
  • ease of admin and scoring
40
Q

Army Alpha test

A
  • for English literates
  • Oral directions, arithmetic, practical judgement, analogies, disarranged sentences, number series, information
  • WW1
41
Q

Army Beta test

A
  • for non-English and non-literates
  • Memory, matching, picture completion, geometric construction
  • WW1
42
Q

WW2 tests used

A
  • personality tests for screening recruits

- first pen and paper, then projective

43
Q

Jensen and Eysenck (1960s)

A
  • Used Binet IQ test to show that black American children had a lower average IQ than white children
  • This difference was due to genetics
44
Q

Herrnstein and Murray (1994)

A

Argue that poor black communities in the US are a ‘cognitive underclass’ formed by the interbreeding of people with low IQ

45
Q

Critique of mental testing

A
  • Testing came under attack by advocates for underprivileged
  • Required knowledge and cultural values rather than innate intelligence – biased towards White middle class
  • Tests are culturally biased
  • Correlation doesn’t imply causation
46
Q

response to critique of mental testing

A
  • added non-verbal tests

- separate scores for performance IQ and Verbal IQ

47
Q

use of psychometrics in SA

A
  • Fick (1929) applied tests developed for and standardized on whites only to white & black children
  • Use of tests gained momentum after WW II and 1948 when NP came to power
  • Measures standardized for white people only
  • Measures of intellectual ability used to draw distinction between races
48
Q

current SA challenge for psychometrics

A
  • A drive in SA and internationally to find tasks that are not biased towards race, culture, gender, language, etc.
  • Or to adapt existing tests to be race, culture, gender, language appropriate

Research Psychology (6 decks)

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