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Psychology 122 > psychology_122_20140819035525 > Flashcards

psychology_122_20140819035525 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

The outermost gray layer of cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

The connection between the two hemispheres of the Cerebrum

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3
Q

What 3 parts is the Brain Stem divided into?

A

MidbrainPonsMedulla

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4
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

A

Fine motor control

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5
Q

What is the Thalamus responsible for?

A

Relaying information to and from the cortex

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6
Q

What are the 4 major lobes of the brain?

A

FrontalParietalTemporalOccipital

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7
Q

What does the Hippocampus do and where is it found?

A

Plays a key role in memory and is embedded deep within the Temporal Lobe

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8
Q

What are the possible consequences of damage to the Hippocampus and name one real life example

A

If the Hippocampus is damaged or partially removed, the patient suffers profound amnesia. Inability to form new long-term memories e.g. Clive Wearing, H.M

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9
Q

What are two things the Temporal lobe is responsible for?

A

MemoryKnowledge

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10
Q

What is one of the possible consequences of damage to the Temporal Lobe and name one real life example.

A

Semantic Dementia: Gradually increasing difficulty in recalling familiar things while retaining recent events e.g. A.M

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11
Q

What are some things the Frontal Lobe does?

A

Initiating, modulating, planning behaviourStrategic thinking, Problem solving

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12
Q

What are some consequences of damage to the Frontal lobe?

A

Change in personality, inability to plan things and incapable of strategic thinking

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13
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe responsible for?

A

Spatial, numerical processingShort-term memorySpatial Attention

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14
Q

What is a possible consequence of damage to the Parietal lobe and name one real life example

A

Unilateral Neglect: Unable to devote attention to a particular side even though there is no issue with seeing it e.g. Mrs. K

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15
Q

What is the Posterior TIp of the Occipital Lobe responsible for and what is one of the consequences of damage to this area? Give one real life example.

A

Primary Visual Cortex, the experience of consciously seeing.Damage to this area of the brain may cause Cortical Blindness. e.g. Oliver Sacks (Colourless)

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16
Q

What are the other parts of the Occipital Lobe responsible for and what is one of the consequences of damage to this area?

A

Analysing specific visual features e.g. edges, contours, shapes, colour, angle, movement. Damage may cause issues processing specific visual features.

17
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

The study of mental processes using brain-based methods

18
Q

What is the Lesion Method?

A

Examining the effect of brain damage or interference on specific cognitive functions

19
Q

What do Neuroimaging Techniques involve?

A

Using measures of brain activity as “markers” of different cognitive processes

20
Q

What is Prosopagnosia? Name one real life example and what we learned through the lesion method.

A

A selective inability to recognise faces e.g. Lincoln Holmes. Prosopagnosia patients can discriminate between very complex non-face objects so face-recognition must be a highly specialiised skill. The Right Fusiform gyrus is consistently damaged in Prosopagnosia and suggests there is a highly specialised brain structure for face recognition.

21
Q

What is a double dissociation and what is an example in memory?

A

When two factors effect two processes independently of each other. One can suffer damage to long term memory but retain short term memory e.g. H.M or vice versa e.g. K.F

22
Q

What is the temporal gradient and what causes this phenomenon?

A

The less one remembers the more recent the event. Because of frequent recall, earlier memories become consolidated over time. Note: Amnesics can often recall early memories as well as normal people

23
Q

What are some disadvantages of using the Lesion Method?

A

Brain damage is a chance occurrence

24
Q

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?

A

A high-powered magnet delivers magnetic pulses to the brain and temporarily interferes in cognitive processing in the targetted region. Note: May overcome some limitations of the traditional lesion method

25
Q

What are the two main types of neuro-imaging methods?

A

Those that measure electrical activity (e.g. EEG, MEG, ERP)Those that measure changes in the blood in different areas of the brain (e.g. fMRI, PET)

26
Q

What is one method of electric imaging and what does it involve?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG): Place electrode on scalp during rest or a task.

27
Q

What is an Event Related Potential?

A

The change in electrical activity when a person performs a particular taskNote: ERP can reveal brain responses to event even when the person doesn’t have to do anything Different ERP peaks correspond to different kinds of mental processes

28
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of electrophysiological methods of imaging?

A

Great Temporal Resolution: Can detect changes as quickly as 50 ms after stimulusShitty Spatial Resolution: Pretty vague idea of where it happened ae

29
Q

How does blood based imaging work?

A

Regions in the brain that actively participate in activities take up more oxygen in the blood. Therefore activity can be measured from these changes.

30
Q

How does PET work?

A

Maps uptake of a radioactively tagged substance (usually oxygen)

31
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

Measures magnetic changes in blood as it deoxygenates

32
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of PET and fMRI?

A

They have great spatial resolution: very precise info about location of brain activity.PET has piss poor temporal resolution (can’t tell which regions activated first and which ones activated later). fMRI is better but still not as good as electrophysiological methods

33
Q

What does shitty task choice do for studying brain activity?

A

Fuck all

34
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of blood change imaging methods?

A

Strengths:- Can examine which cognitive processes are shared across tasks, and which are distinct- Good spatial resolution, new methods have good temporal resolution also.Limitations:- Need a good cognitive theory of the task at hand- If the cognitive theory is wrong, your results mean dick all

35
Q

In what processes is the orbitofrontal cortex involved in?

A

PlanningDecision MakingRisk TakingWorking towards long term goalExample: MichaelNote : Pretty sure you know what happens if this shit get damaged

36
Q

What is Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis?

A
  • Orbitofrontal cortex connects memories with our emotions at the time- When we recall an unpleasant memory, we recall the emotional and physical sensations we felt at the time- We use these to avoid future similar situations- Facilitates fast decision making

Psychology 122 (8 decks)

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