Psychology Unit Test Review Flashcards

Question

What are case studies on Unethical Experiments

Answer 1

Little Albert Landis Facial Expression Monster Study Learned Helplessness Monkey Drug Trials Stanford Prison Experiment Surrogate mother experiment

Answer 2

Purpose of Experiment: How are people scared of things Date: 1920 What happened: Thought fear was associated with loud noises and scared child while he was playing with rabbit with loud noise. Child is scared of white fuzzy things. Why unethical: Using baby for experiment and didn't reverse trauma

Answer 3

Purpose of Experiment: Too see if different people use more facial expressions than others Date: 1924 What happened: Tracked expression with black marker and made them kill rats Why Unethical: Killing rats and traumatizing people by making them kill rats

Answer 4

Purpose of Experiment: No clue Date: 1939 What happened: Speech experiment conducted on orphan children and belted them for bad speech patterns. After experiment, they ended up with real speech flaws that idnd't exist before. Why Unethical: Gave kids trauma with speech

Answer 5

Purpose of Experiment: No Clue Date: 1965 What happened: Chained 3 sets of dogs together , 1 were set fre later, 2nd was shocked randomly but can be stopped with lever. 3rd was shocked randomly and couldn't stop. Dogs were helpless and got depression. When dogs were given a chance to escape , they didn't Why Unethical: Dogs got trauma

Answer 6

Purpose of Experiment: Dsicobver the psychological impats of drugs and alcohol Date: 1969 What happened: Taught monkies to innject themselves w narcotics and drink alcohol. They become depressed, tried breaking out, broke arms and legs and some died. Why Unethical: Monkies shouldn't take drugs and hurt monkies

Answer 7

Purpose of Experiment: To see the psychoolgoical impacts of prisoners in prison Date: 1971 What Happened: Borrow college students and split them into two teams guards and prisoners. Made prison simulation. Guards became agggressive and abusive and and truend againest each other. Casued high stress and depression amoungst people. Exprimeent ended early becaus eof increased issues. Why UNethical: Because people are traumatized

Answer 8

Purpose of Expeirment: To see if monkies like soft mothers or hard mothers and social siolation Date: 1971 What happened: Baby monkies stripped away from moms and put in steel cages. Given fake metal mothers and soft cloth mothers. The monkies prefered cloth mothers than metal. Why UNethical: Monkies lefit experiment with psychoti behavior;

Answer 9

Purpose of Experiment: How far will people hurt others in a position of authoeity Date: 1974 What happened: Conducted expeirment of obdience where reahcer would shock student if provided w wrong answer. Teacher shocked enough volts to kill someone. Why unethical: hurting others

Answer 10

1. Protext from psychological harm 2. 2. Obtain consent 3. Respect rpviacy 4. Deception is ok but needs ot be apprvoed 5. Expeirments w humans need to be reveiws if risks outweigh beenfits

Answer 11

Cognitive - mental processes HUmanistic - focus on person's free will Psychoanalysis - unconscious mind Behaviorism - obeservable beavior Gestalt - studies mind and behavior as a whole

Answer 12

How people get percieve and process and keep information like language, attention, memory, learning, brain, thinking

Answer 13

Psychological problems in unconscious mind - determined from past experiences. Caused from unresolved issues in developement and repressed trauma. To treat it is to make repressed trauma consciousness where client deals w it

Answer 14

Humans have free will - behavior cannot be determined. Everyone is special and can achieve max potiential Studies whole person and uniqueness of person

Answer 15

Learned behavior happens because of enviroment and learn to respond to stimulus in a way

Answer 16

Reinforcement to conintue behavior and punish to stop

Answer 17

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal Opertaional

Answer 18

ages 0-2. Explores world through direct sensory + motor contact. Developes seperation anxiety

Answer 19

can understand Symbols + words to repersent objects, no logical reasonnig. Can pretned by egocentric

Answer 20

think logically about concrete objects, can add and subtract. Understand conservation

Answer 21

can reason abstractly and thinking hyptotheically

Answer 22

People learn through observing others which is importnat in children

Answer 23

Attention - learn throughj observation, pay attention to behavior Retention - sotre mental image of what you observed Reproduction - convert stored memory into action

Answer 24

Need motiviation to practice skill, believe this skill will be important

Answer 25

humamn behavior is infleunced by unconsious memeories and influences how we act, think and feel

Answer 26

Preconscious. Conscious and rational. We make desicions based off that and changes as we live. Picks or ID and Supergo.

Answer 27

Acts like conscious - what shouldn't or should be done. Developed from morales and ethical restraint. Taught from caregiver/culture.Caregivers punish bad and reward good beahviors which teach us.

Answer 28

Unconscious - unaware of it Seek basic needs Agggressive impulses rise Seek pleasure and avoid pain Biological Drive (promote life from others and self)

Answer 29

Human needs motivate our actions. Needs can be ranked. People are motivated to fulfill needs in taht order.

Answer 30

1. Biological Needs (ID stuff): Air, food, drink, sex, sleep 2. Safety: Security, law, and job 3. Belonging and Love: Family 4. Esteem: Achievement 5. Cognitive Need: Knowledge 6: Aesthetic need: Beauty 7. Self actualization: personal growth 8. Transendance: Help others

Answer 31

Ego: personal unconscious Personal Unconscious: was conscious but become unconscious Collective unconscious: shared w other ppl (i.e: inherited fear of dark because darkness = unknown)

Answer 32

Agreed with Maslow but that people need a good enviroment to become good people. (enviroment needs genuineness, accpeetance and empathy.) Peopple have one motive which is to self actualize (become best version of themself) People are good and creative

Answer 33

If self image and ideal self is little in common then it's incongruent = less happy If self image and ideal self hasd a lot in common then it's congruent = more happy

Answer 34

Interested in early childhood Developement and believes lives are governed by the need to overcome inferiority from conscious mind

Answer 35

Psychological situation of a child is different in family. Birth order doesn't 100% determine personality (parental attutide, social position and gender roles). If there's less comp, then birth order doens't matter

Answer 36

Mircle child Parents have no experience All attention Hates one parent maybe Overprotected and spoiled Center of attention, no sharing, likes adult company and ues adult langauge

Answer 37

Less sig than other kids Needs to share High expectations More reposnbility Set example for the younger ones Bossy strict Can be helpful Becomes next parent after another kid is born

Answer 38

Has an example to follow to Someone is always ahead Compeittive Rebel

Answer 39

Sadnwiched in Not important Even tempered Fights agaiubnest injustice Can't find a place in family

Answer 40

Always the baby Many parental figures Olders educate them Wants to be biggest PLans don't workout Spoiled Bbay

Answer 41

Social + cultural conditions infleunce personality Children won't aren't cared for grwo up hostile towards others Denies Frued's theory on women psychology where women want a pp (supports womb envy where guys wish they had a womb) Linliness in hostile envioent leads to need for love and thinks love solves all prloblems Childhood is where most problems come from - rooted form lack of warmth

Answer 42

Conditioned Learning - learn to respond to enviromental stimulus

Answer 43

Trained dogs to salivate when bell rang by giving them food when that happened. He noticed that dogs salivate at sound of bell even though there was no food.

Answer 44

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Something that naturally hapens in enviroemtn Example: The smell of food is something naturally happening Unconditioned Response (UCR) – The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. It happens without learning. Example: Feeling hungry when you smell food. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Something that was neutral at first, but after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, it starts to cause a reaction on its own. Example: A bell that rings every time food is served. Conditioned Response (CR) – The learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus, because it was paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Example: Feeling hungry when you hear the bell, even if there's no food.

Answer 45

Learning through consequences If a behavior is rewarded, you're more likely to do it again. If a behavior is punished, you're less likely to do it again.

Answer 46

Rat pushes bar = food comes out Food = reward Rat elarns ot push bar when it's hungry Later he shock rat cage but pushing bar will stop it

Answer 47

Add something to scenario tp conitnue behavior

Answer 48

remove something to scenario to conitnoue behavior

Answer 49

Beacyse it talks about waht's not wanted, not what's wanted

Answer 50

Behavior, Emotion, Motivations

Answer 51

planning, reasoning, risk judgement

Answer 52

Rely on limbic system, prefrontal crotex, focus on needs than logic + emotions

Answer 53

PFC - more logical

Answer 54

Perm change in knwledge and beavhior; can be changed in future experience

Answer 55

Believed brain development happened in childhood but happens in later at 20-30s aswel

Answer 56

Gary matter volume increases in childhood, peak in early teens and decreases in late teen

Answer 57

Same as the normal prefrontal cortex but isn't undersntaidng of other's perspectives

Answer 58

Because Limbic system is more sensitive so more risk taking behaviour

Answer 59

When brain goes into the subconscious. This happens when you get bored. When this happens brain thinks creativity.

Answer 60

Made in 1989, says exposure to nature increases attention

Answer 61

Interpretation of the brain of what surrounds us

Answer 62

Protons convert electrochemical signals produces reality (seeing) and air compression waves (hearing)

Answer 63

The opposite side

Answer 64

start puberty and end as a stable adult

Answer 65

increases in childhood and peaks in teens and decreases in late teen

Answer 66

Rid of unused synapses which increases brain efiiceny

Answer 67

same as pfc but leess understanding of other's prespectives and used in teens

Answer 68

Limbic system is more senstive therefore risk taking is mor thrilling PFC is developing so bad risk analysis

Answer 69

brain gets bored and thinks into the subconscius and gets creatie with problem solving and other thigns

Answer 70

deplets neural resources

Answer 71

Brain interpretation of surrouding things

Answer 72

Protons convert to electrochemical signals for eyes and air compression waves for ears

Answer 73

Man blind for most of his life gets eye surgery, whoever he sitll can't see because shadows, depth is confusing for him. this is because brain is not used to seeing stuff.

Answer 74

Hearing system is less complex than visual sys

Answer 75

People are put into a room with no sound and darkness. Brain starts producing own reality. This is caused by internal model, wwhich compares sensory info to what's already seen

Answer 76

No since electromagtic wabe shit object and some reflec tinto the eyes. However ther'es more color combos that exissit we aren't aware of yet

Answer 77

Sensory areas crossing each other,. taste sound and hear colros

Answer 78

Dreams and reality are intertwined and chem imbalance in brain

Answer 79

Time sems slows when ur in danger because amgygala is in overdrive and shuts other brain acitivty to focus on situation. There'll be flashbacks of important events in life to save urself.

Answer 80

Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal cord -> analyze info (sight,sound)

Answer 81

Peripheral nervous system: Neurons -> Motor and Sensory Nurons Sensory Nuerons bring singal to CNS Motor Neurons carry out singals from CNS

Answer 82

trasmit electric signals

Answer 83

chemcial signals send btwn neurons and nurons to muscle released in endocrine system can also be released by CNS through synapses

Answer 84

allow comms btwn neurons

Answer 85

connect btwen neurons called snypatic gap

Answer 86

Larged part of brain divded into two parts.Contorl msucle, speech, emotions, executive desciosn making and more

Answer 87

Little brain Helps with posture and balance and has most neurons

Answer 88

the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum sends messges to the rest of your body and regulates automatic functions

Answer 89

Center part of brain does basic functions liek breathing (whiute matter) and heart beat whiel outer part of brain does comlex functions like EQ (gray matter)

Answer 90

Regulates human behavior and does memory and movtiation processing

Answer 91

prcoesses fear and emotions and instinct (fight/flight)

Answer 92

Long term memory

Answer 93

Outermost layer of cerebrum

Answer 94

Desicion making, judgement, and risk analysis

Answer 95

Sensing and moving

Answer 96

shot himself through jaw and went through his head eye oppoed out and part of his brain fell out (pfc) proves pfc invlufences personality bcuz he chabgd after

Answer 97

release endorpins and contrl motor systems to lessen pain

Answer 98

combine two images into one

Answer 99

seeing depth (two eyes is better than one in terms of seeing depth perception)

Answer 100

S: Sense receptors are activiated and signals go into brain P: Sensing sigs are selected/organized/interpreted in brain

Answer 101

1. sleection sensation 2. organize senstion => shape into smth understandable 3. interpreting sensation - deicding what the sensation means

Answer 102

Patient 0 had hipppocmapus removed but still can make long term memoeries because muscle memeory, showing memoery takes place in other parts of brain

Answer 103

Create memeory with slug by shocking it when touched. Made it flinch even when touched w/o electricity. Took it's neurons and reconsutrctred it with synapse. Kept simulating neuron and connection was formed. Shows memoery creation is sturctural change.

Answer 104

mRNA makes protiens and builds more synaptic connections which make more memeories

Answer 105

Everytime we recall memeory, synaptic connection is made but evenrytime you recall it it's slightly differnt each time. When Memory is recalled it's vunerable to change Experiment: Trained rats to fear tone with a shock after. WHen rats heard tone, rats scared even w/o shock. They fed them a memoery prventing drug and when tone was played the rats weren't scared.

Answer 106

Can eriase fear of others 1. First activate fear by interacting with fear 2. Use propanelol to block noradreniline to stop being scared 3. Interacted with fear again 4. Stop fear of anything Didn't delete fear memeory since he rememebrs being scared of spiders

Answer 107

Disorder where sleep/wake cycle is delayed by 2 hrs

Answer 108

Infomration lost voertime wihtout retaining

Answer 109

realted ot facts; nap 3 hours later after studying

Answer 110

related to doing things; nap 1 hr later after practice

Answer 111

Turns short memeory into long term memeory

Answer 112

Circadian rhythm

Answer 113

Determins when we sleep/wakeup

Answer 114

Pressures us to make up for lost sleep

Answer 115

Didn't go through 4 stages of sleep

Answer 116

Stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, REM

Answer 117

Rapid eye movemnt Low amplitutde and high freq Brain waves are active Crazy dreams and cretvity

Answer 118

No eye movement HIgh amp and low freq looks like doing nothing Normal dreams

Answer 119

nREM dominates first half of night (lastrs longer)- n1, n2, n3, REM (body recovery +growth in s3 befause HGH is relaeased) then REM dominates seoncd half of night with n3 getting shorter and REM lasting longer (mind recovery and dreams and emtnal repair)

Answer 120

n1 = 7mins n2 = 10-25 mins n3 = 20-40mins

Answer 121

Body temp lowers Brian waves r same as awake Irregualr breathing Honry increase blood press Twiching more oxy comsumption Paralyzed

Answer 122

Become to emotional

Answer 123

Adenosine and Melatonine

Answer 124

Increases and more waste is produced

Answer 125

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by Glymaphic system and clean toxins in brain. Adoselin lowers

Answer 126

When isomia gets worse over time and leads to death

Answer 127

doesn't have body become paralyzed when sleeping so you act out yuor dreams

Answer 128

Burst of brain acitivty for leaning and memeory

Answer 129

Stroke, Fatal Familial Insomia, Impaired memory, decreased immune function, hormonal imbalance

Answer 130

human growth hormone

Answer 131

memeory increases since w/o sleep neurons shrink by 60%

Answer 132

1st half of sleep in nREM

Answer 133

2nd half of REM

Answer 134

lgihtly zap parts of brain and helps deep sleep and x2 sleeping beenftis. Restore this for older people (deep eep and brain)

Answer 135

Identify bad cells and kill them

Answer 136

decreases by 70%, and more cancer

Answer 137

Genes taht shut down are good 4 immune Genes are turn on are cnaccer and illness genes

Answer 138

Body naturally lowers temp when sleeping so sleeing in lower temps help w that

Answer 139

Because we get 1 hour less of sleep and lack fo sleep = heart attack

Answer 140

Anti social personality disorder where they cannot feel emotion. Charming, manipluative and lack emptahy. Aggresive, pervented and crimminal behavior sometimes

Answer 141

S: Casued by enviomental factors P: Casued by genetics and envirmetnal factors (needs a violent and trauamtizing upbringing)

Answer 142

ODD: doesn't listen (3-5y/o), conduct disorder: aggresive, manipulative (teens)

Answer 143

genetic testing, brainscan, PCL-R (test w 30-40)

Answer 144

warrior gene, breaks down neurotrasmitters

Answer 145

MAOA-L, can't breakdown chemical amounts which increase implusiveness

Answer 146

PFC, and anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 147

Fallon is a successful neuroscientist but has psychopathy gene. He still is normal person

Answer 148

Sensory deprived when baby Abusive household

Answer 149

Focus to them how being pro-social beenftis them. There's also meds to lessen violence NEEBR give them psychoptherapy bcuz it makes them more manipluative

Answer 150

In corporate and professional environments.

Answer 151

High communication and visual skills, but often a lack of genuine productivity.

Answer 152

Through charm, bullying, or other manipulative strategies.

Answer 153

They have a heightened reward center and underactive emotional processing regions.

Answer 154

As early as age three.

Answer 155

A strong ability to detect fear in others.

Answer 156

Stay objective, set clear boundaries, and be cautious with overly charming or manipulative individuals.

Answer 157

biologicl evuoltuion to reprodcue as much as possible

Answer 158

Seeks happiness through doing what’s right with faith and optimism.

Answer 159

Desires belonging by being relatable, grounded, and empathetic.

Answer 160

Aims to prove worth through strength, courage, and perseverance.

Answer 161

Finds purpose in helping and caring for others selflessly.

Answer 162

Craves freedom and fulfillment by venturing into the unknown.

Answer 163

Challenges the status quo to create radical change and freedom.

Answer 164

Pursues passion and connection in relationships and surroundings.

Answer 165

Expresses vision and imagination through meaningful creations.

Answer 166

Brings joy and lightness by living in the moment and having fun.

Answer 167

Seeks truth and understanding through knowledge and reflection.

Answer 168

Transforms reality through vision, insight, and action.

Answer 169

Strives to lead and create order through control and responsibility.

Answer 170

We dream to fulfill our wishes. Freud believed dreams symbolically express our unconscious desires and repressed thoughts.

Answer 171

We dream to remember. Dreams improve memory and task performance by helping process and store information while we sleep.

Answer 172

We dream to forget. During REM sleep, the neocortex reviews and clears out unneeded neural connections. This prevents the brain from being overloaded by useless information and helps maintain focus and mental clarity while awake.

Answer 173

We dream to keep our brains working. Dreams are like a screen saver for the brain, keeping it active and maintaining long-term memory when external input is low.

Answer 174

We dream to rehearse survival instincts. Dreams let us practice responses to threats (like being chased), helping us stay mentally prepared.

Answer 175

We dream to heal. REM sleep reduces stress chemicals, letting us safely revisit traumatic experiences and promote psychological healing.

Answer 176

We dream to solve problems. Without real-world limits, dreams allow creative problem-solving—like how August Kekulé discovered benzene’s structure in a dream.