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Psychology > Psychology unit 2 > Flashcards

Psychology unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

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2
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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3
Q

myelin sheath

A

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

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4
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry instructions from the CNS to the body’s muscle glands

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates movement, and balance, supports memory and learning.

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6
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

develop from separate fertilized eggs.

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

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8
Q

Axon

A

transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands

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9
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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10
Q

refractory period

A

a period of time during which a cell is incapable of repeating an action potential.

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11
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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13
Q

Reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

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14
Q

Endorphins

A

neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

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15
Q

Agonist

A

bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter.

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16
Q

nervous system

A

The body’s communication network.

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17
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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19
Q

Nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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20
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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22
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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24
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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25
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

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26
Q

reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

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27
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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28
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

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29
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

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30
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

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31
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. Record brain activity

32
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

show the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.

33
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

examine your organs, tissues and skeletal system.

34
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity.

35
Q

Brainstem

A

the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

36
Q

Medulla

A

controls heartbeat and breathing

37
Q

Thalamus

A

relays messages between the lower brain and the cerebral cortex

38
Q

reticular

A

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

39
Q

limbic system

A

associated with emotions and drives

40
Q

Amygdala

A

linked to emotion.

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

42
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

43
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

44
Q

frontal lobes

A

control movements, speech, concentration, problem-solving, and planning

45
Q

parietal lobe

A

Touch

46
Q

occipital lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

47
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and language.

48
Q

motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movements

49
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

registers body touch and movement sensations

50
Q

association areas

A

involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering thinking speaking and integrating information

51
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change

52
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the two hemispheres of the brain

53
Q

split brain

A

the removal of the corpus callosum

54
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

55
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

56
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

57
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

58
Q

environment

A

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

59
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell

60
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

61
Q

Genes

A

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

62
Q

Genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

63
Q

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

64
Q

molecular genetics

A

the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

65
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; may vary on particular traits, depending on the range of populations/environments studied

66
Q

interaction

A

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

67
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

68
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories

69
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

70
Q

Brocas Area

A

controls language expression

71
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

controls language reception

72
Q

Left hemisphere functions

A

language, calculations (mathematical thinking), logic, reasoning, and linear thinking

73
Q

Right hemisphere functions

A

perceptual task, inference making, speech modulation, language meaning, sense of self, artistic sense and abilities, and emotions

74
Q

unconscious processing

A

outside of awarness

75
Q

conscious processing

A

information of which we are readily aware

76
Q

Nature

A

genetics determine behaivor

77
Q

nurture

A

environment determines behavior

Psychology (1 decks)

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