Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Psychology; used introspective examination of one’s own conscious thoughts
G. Stanley Hall
first president of the American Psychological Association/opened the first psych labs
William James
(student of Wundt)-> wrote first psych text book
Mary Whiton Calkins
tutored by William James at Harvard University, first female president of APA, and became a distinguished memory researcher
Margaret Floy Washburn
first official female with a PhD in psych; second female president of APA
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
American psychologist from Nebraska, best known for her work in gifted children
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician who focused on mental illness among other things
John B. Watson
a psychologist who created behaviorism
B. F. Skinner
a psychologist who created behaviorism
Carl Rogers
humanistic psychologist
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychologist
functionalism
emphasizes the function and way consciousness help people adapt
natural selection
inherited traits that make life better are most likely to be passed down
structuralism
conscious experiences by analyzing basic elements of thoughts and sensations
introspection
the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science and that it studies behavior without mental processes
psychoanalytic
set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind
unconscious
the part of the mind which is inaccessible to the conscious mind but which affects behavior and emotions
humanistic
focused on the potential for personal growth
cognitive
how we encode, process and store information
biological/neuroscience
how the body and mind enables emotions, memories and sensory/how our genes and environments influence our differences
evolutionary
how does natural selection influence chosen genes
sociocultural
how thinking varies from culture to culture
applied psychology
the study and ability to solve problems within human behavior such as health issues, workplace issues, or education
clinical psychology
therapy
cognitive psychology
study how the human brain works — how we think, remember and learn
positive psychology
positive psychology addresses three issues: positive emotions, positive individual traits, and positive institutions
psychology
scientific study of individual behavior
psychiatry
medical doctors licensed to give drugs
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Industrial and organizational psychology is the science of human behavior in the workplace and work-life interface
Developmental Psychology
study changing abilities
counseling psychology
help people cope with challenges and crisis
educational psychology
study influences on teaching and learning
school psychology
synthesize information on developmental mechanisms and contexts, and they translate it for adults responsible for promoting healthy growth and development of children and youth in a range of contexts to address
social psychology
explore how we view and affect each other
forensic psychology
a specialty in professional psychology characterized by activities primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems
experimental psychology
branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals
community psychology
focuses on the study of how individuals relate to their communities and the reciprocal effect of communities on individuals
neuropsychologist
is a healthcare provider who has specialized knowledge of how brain conditions affect your behavior and cognitive skills
health psychologist
study how patients handle illness, why some people don’t follow medical advice and the most effective ways to control pain or change poor health habits
empiricism
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
theory
testable explanation for a set of facts or observations
culture
the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
testwiseness
any skill which allows a student to choose the correct answer on an item without knowing the correct answer
critical thinking
intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information
psychometrics
field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of measurement
hypothesis
predicts relationships between variables in a study
scientific method
hypothesis-> procedures-> data-> findings->
operational definition
An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct
participants
a person who takes part in something
data collection techniques
Data collection is the process of collecting and evaluating information or data from multiple sources to find answers to research problems
journal
a book of wonders
research methods
ways to conduct the research
experiment
testing a theory
independent variable
whatever is getting manipulated
dependent variable
whatever is being measured
population
people who can be in the study
control group
untouched by experiment/placebo
experimental group
the group that gets the real pill
placebo effect
control group will act like they got the real pill
extraneous/confounding variables
variables that get in the way of the research that are surprising
random assignment
randomly assign who gets the study
case study
an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context
cross-sectional study
same time, different age groups
longitudinal study
follows development over time of a few
survey
using questionnaires on interviews to discover the self-reported background, attitudes, beliefs or behavior
naturalistic observation
qualitative research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings
reactivity
psychological phenomenon that happens when someone changes the way they behave because they know they’re being observed
applied research
research that aims to solve practical problems
peer reviewed
documents that have been read by other professionals
statistics
the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data
descriptive statistics
summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a collection of information
median
middle of the sample
mean
average of sample
mode
most frequent number
standard deviation
the average amount away from the mean
variability
the extent to which data points in a statistical distribution or data set diverge from the average
correlation
if the two things have a relationship
negative correlation
variables are going opposite directions
positive correlation
both going the same direction
correlation coefficient
numerical measure of some type of correlation
inferential statistic
interpret data and draw conclusions
statistical significance
possibility of the results occurring by chance alone is no more than 5 percent
p-value
describes how likely your data would have occurred by random chance
replication
replicating the research
meta-analysis
the statistical combination of results from two or more separate studies
sample
a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like
sampling bias
occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others
social desirability bias
occurs when respondents give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences
response set
Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions
halo effect
the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively or negatively influence one’s opinion or feelings in other areas
confirmation bias
our tendency to cherry-pick information that confirms our existing beliefs or ideas
ethics
moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity
