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AP Psychology > Psychology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of Psychology; used introspective examination of one’s own conscious thoughts

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2
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first president of the American Psychological Association/opened the first psych labs

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3
Q

William James

A

(student of Wundt)-> wrote first psych text book

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4
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

tutored by William James at Harvard University, first female president of APA, and became a distinguished memory researcher

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5
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first official female with a PhD in psych; second female president of APA

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6
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

American psychologist from Nebraska, best known for her work in gifted children

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7
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian physician who focused on mental illness among other things

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8
Q

John B. Watson

A

a psychologist who created behaviorism

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9
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

a psychologist who created behaviorism

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10
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistic psychologist

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11
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanistic psychologist

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12
Q

functionalism

A

emphasizes the function and way consciousness help people adapt

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13
Q

natural selection

A

inherited traits that make life better are most likely to be passed down

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14
Q

structuralism

A

conscious experiences by analyzing basic elements of thoughts and sensations

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15
Q

introspection

A

the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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16
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science and that it studies behavior without mental processes

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17
Q

psychoanalytic

A

set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind

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18
Q

unconscious

A

the part of the mind which is inaccessible to the conscious mind but which affects behavior and emotions

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19
Q

humanistic

A

focused on the potential for personal growth

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20
Q

cognitive

A

how we encode, process and store information

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21
Q

biological/neuroscience

A

how the body and mind enables emotions, memories and sensory/how our genes and environments influence our differences

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22
Q

evolutionary

A

how does natural selection influence chosen genes

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23
Q

sociocultural

A

how thinking varies from culture to culture

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24
Q

applied psychology

A

the study and ability to solve problems within human behavior such as health issues, workplace issues, or education

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25
Q

clinical psychology

A

therapy

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26
Q

cognitive psychology

A

study how the human brain works — how we think, remember and learn

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27
Q

positive psychology

A

positive psychology addresses three issues: positive emotions, positive individual traits, and positive institutions

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28
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of individual behavior

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29
Q

psychiatry

A

medical doctors licensed to give drugs

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30
Q

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

Industrial and organizational psychology is the science of human behavior in the workplace and work-life interface

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31
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

study changing abilities

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32
Q

counseling psychology

A

help people cope with challenges and crisis

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33
Q

educational psychology

A

study influences on teaching and learning

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34
Q

school psychology

A

synthesize information on developmental mechanisms and contexts, and they translate it for adults responsible for promoting healthy growth and development of children and youth in a range of contexts to address

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35
Q

social psychology

A

explore how we view and affect each other

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36
Q

forensic psychology

A

a specialty in professional psychology characterized by activities primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems

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37
Q

experimental psychology

A

branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals

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38
Q

community psychology

A

focuses on the study of how individuals relate to their communities and the reciprocal effect of communities on individuals

39
Q

neuropsychologist

A

is a healthcare provider who has specialized knowledge of how brain conditions affect your behavior and cognitive skills

40
Q

health psychologist

A

study how patients handle illness, why some people don’t follow medical advice and the most effective ways to control pain or change poor health habits

41
Q

empiricism

A

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience

42
Q

theory

A

testable explanation for a set of facts or observations

43
Q

culture

A

the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group

44
Q

testwiseness

A

any skill which allows a student to choose the correct answer on an item without knowing the correct answer

45
Q

critical thinking

A

intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information

46
Q

psychometrics

A

field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of measurement

47
Q

hypothesis

A

predicts relationships between variables in a study

48
Q

scientific method

A

hypothesis-> procedures-> data-> findings->

49
Q

operational definition

A

An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct

50
Q

participants

A

a person who takes part in something

51
Q

data collection techniques

A

Data collection is the process of collecting and evaluating information or data from multiple sources to find answers to research problems

52
Q

journal

A

a book of wonders

53
Q

research methods

A

ways to conduct the research

54
Q

experiment

A

testing a theory

55
Q

independent variable

A

whatever is getting manipulated

56
Q

dependent variable

A

whatever is being measured

57
Q

population

A

people who can be in the study

58
Q

control group

A

untouched by experiment/placebo

59
Q

experimental group

A

the group that gets the real pill

60
Q

placebo effect

A

control group will act like they got the real pill

61
Q

extraneous/confounding variables

A

variables that get in the way of the research that are surprising

62
Q

random assignment

A

randomly assign who gets the study

63
Q

case study

A

an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case within a real-world context

64
Q

cross-sectional study

A

same time, different age groups

65
Q

longitudinal study

A

follows development over time of a few

66
Q

survey

A

using questionnaires on interviews to discover the self-reported background, attitudes, beliefs or behavior

67
Q

naturalistic observation

A

qualitative research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings

68
Q

reactivity

A

psychological phenomenon that happens when someone changes the way they behave because they know they’re being observed

69
Q

applied research

A

research that aims to solve practical problems

70
Q

peer reviewed

A

documents that have been read by other professionals

71
Q

statistics

A

the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data

72
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a collection of information

73
Q

median

A

middle of the sample

74
Q

mean

A

average of sample

75
Q

mode

A

most frequent number

76
Q

standard deviation

A

the average amount away from the mean

77
Q

variability

A

the extent to which data points in a statistical distribution or data set diverge from the average

78
Q

correlation

A

if the two things have a relationship

79
Q

negative correlation

A

variables are going opposite directions

80
Q

positive correlation

A

both going the same direction

81
Q

correlation coefficient

A

numerical measure of some type of correlation

82
Q

inferential statistic

A

interpret data and draw conclusions

83
Q

statistical significance

A

possibility of the results occurring by chance alone is no more than 5 percent

84
Q

p-value

A

describes how likely your data would have occurred by random chance

85
Q

replication

A

replicating the research

86
Q

meta-analysis

A

the statistical combination of results from two or more separate studies

87
Q

sample

A

a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like

88
Q

sampling bias

A

occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others

89
Q

social desirability bias

A

occurs when respondents give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others, concealing their true opinions or experiences

90
Q

response set

A

Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions

91
Q

halo effect

A

the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively or negatively influence one’s opinion or feelings in other areas

92
Q

confirmation bias

A

our tendency to cherry-pick information that confirms our existing beliefs or ideas

93
Q

ethics

A

moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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