Psychology U3/4 AOS2 Flashcards
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
What are the two rehearsals?
Maintenance and Elaborative Rehearsal.
What is encoding
Refers to the purpose of putting information into a form that will allow it to be stored.
What is storage?
Refers to the process of keeping information in our brains for a long period of time.
What is retrieval?
Process of getting information back from memory.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
Define Maintenance rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information that is to be remembered over and over again to “maintain” it within STM.
MR helps to increase the limited duration of STM
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
Define Elaborative rehearsal
ER is a process by which we give meaning to information by linking it to previously stored information or information that is already stored in the LTM relating to our real world and real life.
We are more likely to better store and effectively retrieve information when we use ER to process that information, compared to MR. ER is an example of deep-level processing at work.
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
What is sensory memory?
Sensory memory is the entry point for information into memory. We have a sensory store for each of our five senses.
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the Cerebral Cortex?
- 🌍
- ⛺
- 👁
- Heavily involved in explicit/declarative memory processes
- Episodic memories tend to be stored in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe
- Components of our memories (visual images, sound) are stored in areas through the cerebral cortex
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the Hippocampus?
- 🌍
- 🙅♀️
- 😭🗺
- Role is to consolidate memories (turn STM into LTM) specifically for explicit/declarative memories
- NOT involved in implicit memories
- It also has a role in emotional memory as well as spatial memory
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
(Sensory information) Iconic memory,
- Duration?
- Capacity?
- Form?
- 1/3 of a second
- All objects in the visual field
- Raw visual image
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the Amygdala?
Hint
-🚵♀️
-😡
- Involved in the formation of procedural (implicit) memories
- Involved in emotional memory and links emotions and emotional responses to declarative/explicit memories.
*
It helps increase the memorability of experiences as we can remember them by the emotions we experienced at the time the memory was formed.
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
What is short-term memory?
- Duration?
- Capacity?
- Form?
Type of memory involving limited capacity and temporary storage information.
18 to 30 seconds, if not rehearsed
Limited to 7±2 items
Very verbal
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
What is long-term memory?
- Duration?
- Capacity?
- Form?
A relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long period of time.
May be unlimited
May be unlimited
Elaborative, according to meaning
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
(Long-term memory)
What is procedural memory?
What is implicit memories?
Memory of actions and skills that have been learnt previously.
Information you remember unconsciously and effortlessly.
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
(Long-term memory)
What is declarative memory?
What is explicit memories?
Memory of specific facts, events, or general knowledge that can be brought consciously to mind.
Information you have to consciously work to remember.
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
(Declarative memory)
What is episodic memory?
What is semantic memory?
Holds information about specific events or personal experiences.
Stores information we have about the world.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
Define recognition
Recognition involves identifying (‘recognising’) the original, learnt information.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
Define relearning
Learning information again that has previously been learned and stored in LTM
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
Define reconstruction
The process of integrating stored information with other that is available to form a more coherent, complete, or accurate memory.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
Define context dependent cues
Cues in the external environment
The place/setting in which a memory was formed acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
Define state dependant cues
Cues in the internal environment - the psychological or physiological condition in which a memory was made acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information
Atkinson–Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory
(Sensory information) Echoic memory,
- Duration?
- Capacity?
- Form?
- Lasts 3 to 4 seconds
- Unlimited
- Raw sounds of speech, nature, etc.
Brain regions involved in the storage of long-term memories
What is the role of the cerebellum?
- 🚵♀️
- 🏃♂️
- Procedural memories are processed, encoded, and stored by the cerebellum.
- It also plays a role in memory of how to perform a motor skill.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
What is recall?
Recall involves reproducing information stored in memory.
You bring the information into conscious awareness and doing so provides evidence that something previously learned was retained.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
(Recall) Define free recall.
Free recall involves reproducing as much information as possible in no particular order without the use of any specific cue.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
(Recall) Define serial recall.
Serial recall involves reproducing information in the order in which it was learned.
I.E telling a friend about an overseas holiday and recall the names of the cities in the order in which you visited them.
Methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
(Recall) Define cued recall.
Cued recall involves the use of specific prompts (‘cues’) to aid retrieval and therefore reproduction of the required information, ie first letter of a word is given.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
What is serial position effect?
The serial position effect is a research finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of the list than for items in the middle of the list.
Factors influencing ability and inability to remember
(Serial position effect)
- Primary effect
- Recency effect
The primacy effect describes superior recall of items at the beginning of a list.
The recency effect describes superior recall of items at the end of a list.
