Psychology Test Flashcards
What is structuralism?
Focus on structure or basic elements of the mind. Introspective
What are the 4 main goals of psychology?
- describe
- Explain
- Predict
- Control
Who started structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward titchner brought it to America
What is functionalism?
How people function in the real world. How people adapt, live, work, and play
Gestalt?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Perception can only be understood as a complete event
Max wertheimen
Who created the first psychology lab? When? Where?
Wilhelm Wundt. Leipzig Germany. 1879
What is psychoanalysts?
Unconscious mind. Repressed urges create nervous disorders. Formed the basis for modern psychology
What is behaviorism?
Learned behavior and conditioning.
Who started behaviorism and conditioned dogs to salivate to a metronome
Ivan Pavlov
Who developed the “science of behavior”?
John b. Watson
Name the 7 different modern psychology theories
Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Sociocultural Biopsychological Evolutionary
What is psychodynamic?
Modern version of psychoanalysis.
Development of sense of self. Motivations behind behavior.
What is behavioral?
Voluntary behavior is learned. Concept of reinforcement.
Who started behavioral?
B.F. Skinner
What is humanistic?
People have free will. Self actualization. Achieving ones full potential or actual self.
Who are the early contributors to humanistic?
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
What is the 3rd force in psychology?
Humanistic
What is cognitive?
Memory, intelligence,perception, retrieval.
What modern psychology theory was a major force emerging in the 1960’s?
Cognitive
What is sociocultural?
How society and cultures affect a person and their interactions.
What is biopsychological?
Behavior is a result of biological events in the body. Genetic influences
What is evolutionary?
Survival of the fittest. Examines biological basis of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
What are the 4 descriptive methods?
Naturalistic observation
Laboratory observation
Case study
Survey
What is naturalistic observation?
Study participant in their natural environment.
What is laboratory observation?
Watching participant in a controlled laboratory setting
What is a case study?
Study of an individual in great detail
What is a survey?
Researcher asks a series of questions about the topic under study. Participants are randomly selected. Large numbers of participants. Covert behaviors.
What is correlation?
The measure of the relationships between 2 variables.
What is positive correlation?
Variables are headed in same direction. Both increase or decrease.
What is negative correlation?
Variables go in opposite directions. One increase one decrease
What is the nervous system?
Network of cells carrying information to and from all parts of the body.
What does the autonomatic system do?
Functions automatically
What does the somatic system do?
Sends messages from the central nervous system to voluntary muscles
What does the parasympathetic system do?
Resets and balances
What does the sympathetic system do?
Fight or flight. Reacts to stressful events.
What does the Peripheral nervous system do?
Everything else
What is a neuron?
Individual nerve cell that transmits information throughout the body
What are the order of events in a neuron?
Dendrites Soma Myelin sheath Axon Axon terminal
What are the 6 endocrine glands?
Pituitary Pinal Thyroid Pancreas Gonads Adrenal glands
What does the pituitary glad do?
Master gland. Secretes human growth hormone
What does the pinal gland do?
Secretes melatonin. Sleep wake cycle
What does the thyroid do?
Regulates growth and metabolism
What does the pancreas do?
Controls level of sugar in the blood. Secretes insulin and glucagons
What do the gonads do?
Regulates sexual behavior and reproduction. Secretes estrogen and testosterone. Ovaries and testes
What does the adrenal gland do?
Deals with stress. Releases cortisol and 30 different hormones.
Name the parts of the brain stem
Medulla
Reticular formation
Pons
Cerebellum
What does the medulla do?
Responsible for breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
What does the reticular formation do?
Selective attention. Ignores repetitive stimuli
What does the pons do?
Connects top and bottom. Relays messages. Sleep, dreaming. Left/right coordination
What does the cerebellum do?
Little brain. Controls balance, fine motor movements, posture, muscle coordination
What are the 4 parts of the limbic system?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
What does the thalamus do?
Relay sensory information. Not sense of smell
What does the hypothalamus do?
Body temp. Hunger, thirst, controls pituitary gland.
What does the hippocampus do?
Forming long term memory and short term memory. Memory storage.
What does the Amygdala do?
Responsible for fear responses. Memory of fear
What is the cortex?
Outer covering of the brain. Higher thought process. Sensory input
What are the left and right hemispheres connected by?
Corpus callosum
Name the 4 lobes of the brain
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
What does the occipital lobe do?
Visual center if the brain.
What does the parietal lobe do?
Sensation. Center for touch taste and temp. Processed info from the skin
What does the temporal lobe do?
Hearing, meaningful speech. Auditory cortex
What does the frontal lobe do?
Higher mental process. Decision making, fluent speech. Motor cortex. Sends motor commands to muscles.
What are the 2 areas of impairment in the cortex?
Broca’s aphasia
Wernickes
What is brocas aphasia?
Speech. Damage to frontal lobe. Mispronounce words, speaks haltingly
What is wernickes?
Language comprehension. Speaks clearly but makes no sense.
What is transduction?
Converting outside stimuli into neural activity.
What is a sensation?
Outside stimuli become neural signals.
What is habituation?
Brain turns off stimuli. Ignores or prevents conscious attention to unchanging stimuli
What is sensory adaption?
Sensory receptor cells turn off turn off stimuli. Less responsive to unchanging stimuli
What is microsaccades?
Prevents sensory adaption in vision. Constant movement of the eyes.
What is the visual spectrum?
400-700 nanometers. Higher red, lower blue.
What are the 3 aspects of the perception of light?
Brightness
Color
Hue
What do rods and cones do?
Rods react to low levels of light
Cones provide color
What is the pathway of light through the structure of the eye?
Cornea Aqueous humor Pupil Lens Retina
What are sound waves?
Vibrations is the molecules of air that surround us,
What is wavelength?
Pitch
What is amplitude?
Volume
What is purity?
Richness in tone. Timbre
What is the structure of the ear? And the order of events in the ear
Pinna ear canal Eardrum 3 bones Cochlea Organ of carti
What is a pinna?
The outside structure of the ear. Collects sound waves
What does the the ear canal do?
Funnels sound waves.
What does the eardrum go?
Vibrates from sound waves
What are the 3 bones in the ear?
Hammer, stirrup, anvil
What is the cochlea?
Snail shaped. Filled with fluid.
What is the organ of carti?
Contains receptor cells for hearing. Transduction happens hear.
Name the 2 types of hearing impsirment
Conduction
Nerve
What are taste buds?
Taste receptor cells. Line the walls of the papila
What is Gestation?
Sensation of tast
What are the 5 basic tastes?
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami
What are the 3 somesthetic senses?
Skin senses
Kinesthetic sense
Vestibular sense
What are the skin senses?
Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Sensory receptors located in the skin
What are the kinesthetic senses?
Joints. Provides info about body’s movements and location in space. Coordination. Located in the muscle, joints, and tendons. Athletes need good kinesthetic senses
What is the vestibular sense?
Inner ear. Balance
What is perception?
Sensations experienced are interpreted and organized in a meaningful fashion
What are the gestalt principles?
Figure-ground Reversible figures Similarity Proximity Closure
What is the figure-ground principle?
The tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background,
What is reversible figures?
Unusual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed
What is the similarity principle?
Perceive similar object as being part of the same group.
What is the proximity principle?
Objects close to each other as part of the same group.
What is the closure principle?
We tend to fill in blanks to form a whole. Example is is a circle made of dots. We see a circle.
