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Psychology Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The scientific study of behaviours and mental processes is called psychology.

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2
Q

There are 4 goals of Psychology, what are they?

A

Describe, Explain and Predict, Control/Influence

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3
Q

What is describing?

A

Describing is describing what we see and behaviours observed.

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4
Q

What is explaining?

A

Explaining is understanding what we see and why they’re experiencing these behaviours or mental processes happening.

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5
Q

What is Predicting?

A

Predicting is determine if it will happen again- if yes, do something.

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6
Q

What is Control/Influence?

A

The end goal is to improve our quality of life and mental health so we should apply the knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviours to happen again.

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7
Q

What did Plato believe?

A

Nativism, the idea that we are born with certain kind of knowledge.

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8
Q

What did Aristotle believe?

A

Believed Tabularasa, we get certain knowledge through experience.

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9
Q

What did Rene Decartes believe?

A

believed in Dualism, the idea that the mind and body are separate.

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10
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Based on study on basic elements of the mind.

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11
Q

Who is Wilhem Wundt?

A

He is the “father” of psychology and the founder of the first psychological lab.

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12
Q

Who is Edward Titchener?

A

a British psychologist known for introducing structuralism, he also was a student of Wundt. He used introspection (subjective observation of one’s experience- feelings, sensations, images) and believed that understanding these elements could explain more complex mental processes.

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13
Q

What did William James introduce?

A

He introduced Functionalism- how the mind functions to adapt to environment and why, also the father of modern psych and focused on conscious activity rather than components of consciousness.

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14
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

It’s perceiving the whole rather than analyzing parts which is opposite of structuralism, leader is Max Wertheimer.

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15
Q

What is Psychoanalysis?

A

behaviour of the unconscious mind, thoughts, impulses and desires, theory of personality. Leader was Sigman Freud.

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16
Q

What is Behaviourism?

A

Observable influences on behaviour (focus on what were able to see).

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17
Q

John B. Watson in Behaviourism

A

observable, measurable, objective scientific behaviour

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18
Q

What did B.F Skinner do?

A

Operant Conditioning- believed that humans do everything based on their environment and to avoid being punished.

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19
Q

What is Humanistic Psychology?

A

Uniqueness, choice, growth, psychological health, free will and self actualization.

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20
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

study of mental processes (what goes on in your head), also perception, learning, memory, thinking and language.

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21
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

Study of brain functioning - attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.

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22
Q

What is Biopsychology (Physiological Perspective)?

A

Genetics and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

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23
Q

What is Evolutionary perspective?

A

How do our genes adapt to our environment- natural selection, genetics, adaptation, and evolution of behaviour and mental processes.

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24
Q

What is sociocultural perspective?

A

It is the social interactions and the cultural determinants of behaviour and mental processes.

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25
Q

What are the 2 psychologies for sociocultural perspective?

A

social psychology- causes and consequences of interpersonal relationships
cultural psychology- values, beliefs and traditions that are shared by a group of people.

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26
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation.

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27
Q

what is Personality psychology?

A

Focuses on patterns and behaviours and the ways of thinking that are unique to each person.

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28
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres.

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29
Q

What is the use of the corpus callosum?

A

thick band of nerve fibres that supports communications of info

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30
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Speech production (Broca’s area) and voluntary movement (Motor Cortex) activate the frontal lobes.

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31
Q

what is the parietal lobe?

A

It’s responsible for sensory information: touch, temperature, pain, body position.

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32
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

It’s responsible for processing auditory information (hearing).

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33
Q

what is Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe?

A

For understanding verbal and written material and putting words into meaningful sentences. Damage: speech is fluent but incomprehensible to others.

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34
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

It processes visual (seeing) information.

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35
Q

In the occipital lobe, what is primary visual cortex?

A

It is for basic sensations: lights, lines, colours and textures.

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36
Q

what is visual association area?

A

Its meaningful perceptions- person, object, animal.

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37
Q

What is visual agnosia area?

A

difficulty in combing parts of an object due to damage of the area.

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38
Q

What is the cell body?

A

provides fuel to the neuron that all allows it to function, contains DNA that allows the brain to produce dopamine.

39
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branch like structures that receive information from other neuron.

40
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

It extends and carries information away from cell body to other neurons, muscles and glands (allows AP to travel).

41
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

Bulbs located at the end of the axon’s branches that store dopamine and release neurotransmitters.

42
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath?

A

Fatty layer of tissue that wraps around the axon, leaves spaces in between uncovered.

43
Q

What are these spaces in between called and their function?

A

Node of Ranvier and it regenerates the AP, comes from glia cells and it speeds up the conduction of neutral impulses.

44
Q

What is the action potential (AP)?

A

an electrical charge gathered by dendrites and cell body, Generated by the Node of Ranvier and it travels down the axon synapse at a certain level.

45
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

series of separate APs that take place node to node down the length of an axon.

46
Q

What is Resting Potential?

A

When the neuron is not firing there is more negative inside then outside.

47
Q

What is Depolarization?

A

All the positive charges enter the axon, what contributes to action potential.

48
Q

What is Refractory Period?

A

when the positive charges leave the axon, the neuron can’t generate other electrical signals.

49
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

a small sac in cells that transports materials, stores substances, or helps in chemical reactions. it has neurotransmitters and receptors.

50
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites.

51
Q

What are receptors?

A

Part of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitters and initiate or prevent a new electrical signal.

52
Q

What do excitatory neurons do?

A

release NTs that fire the neighbouring cell.

53
Q

What to inhibitory neurons do?

A

release NTs that inhibit (restrain) neighbouring cells.

54
Q

How does synaptic transmission stop?

A

-Reuptake: NTs taken back into terminal.
-Deactivation: enzymes destroy NT after taken by the glia cells.

55
Q

What is Brain Plasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to adapt to change in response to experience.

56
Q

What’s in your brain?

A

86-90 billion neurons and its main source of energy comes from glucose.

57
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in your brain and what they do?

A

Neurons & Glia cells. they support, nurture and insulate neurons, removes debris when neurons die and they enhance neural connections.

58
Q

What are Acetylcholine’s (Ach, NT) functions and malfunctions?

A

Functions: Muscle, action, learning and memory.
Malfunctions: Alzheimers- Ach producing neurons deteriorate.

59
Q

What are Dopamine’s (DA) functions and malfunctions?

A

Functions: movement, learning, attention, emotion reward
Malfunctions: High levels linked to schizophrenia and low levels linked to Parkinson’s disease.

60
Q

What are Serotonin’s (SN) functions and malfunctions?

A

Functions: mood, hunger, sleep arousal
Malfunctions: low levels linked to depression (anorexia, eating disorders).

61
Q

What are Norepinephrine’s (NE) functions and malfunctions?

A

Functions: alertness and arousal.
Malfunctions: Low levels depress mood.

62
Q

What are Endorphins’ functions and malfunctions?

A

Functions: Boots mood, lessens pain.
Malfunctions: Artificial opiates cause brain to stop producing endorphins.

63
Q

What are GABA’s functions and malfunctions?

A

Functions: Inhibits the brain, stops the firing of neurons.
Malfunctions: low levels linked to anxiety, low levels cause seizures.

64
Q

what is the function of the Limbuc system (FB)?

A

Group of structure involved in emotional expression, motivation and memory.

65
Q

What is the Hypothalamus (FB)?

A

Controls functions such as hunger, body temperature, thirst, helps control endocrine system involved in emotion (Parietal Lobe).

66
Q

What is the Thalamus (FB)?

A

Relay station between cerebral cortex and lower brain centres.

67
Q

What is the cerebellum (HB)?

A

Coordinates skilled movement, regulates muscle tone and posture (balance), plays a role in motor learning and probably cognition.

68
Q

What is Pons (HB)?

A

Plays roll in relaying motor messages between cerebellum and motor cortex (frontal), involved in sleeping, arousal and dreaming.

69
Q

What is the medulla (HB)?

A

Responsible for automatic functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure swallowing, coughing, vulnerable to GABA

70
Q

What is the Reticular formation (HB)?

A

Arousal system, activates cerebral cortex and screens incoming information.

71
Q

What is lateralization function?

A

It is specialization: LH- superior at language, mathematics, analytical (logic)
RH- has expertise in facial recognition, spatial abilities, creativity (art & music), intuition

72
Q

what is Handedness?

A

Preference for R or L hand- Dominant hemisphere: Applies to a side of a person’s brain that produces language.

73
Q

What are the causes of Handedness?

A
  • Determined prenatally
  • Influenced by gene on X chromosome
  • may be influenced by envrionment
74
Q

What are the advantages for left and right Handedness?

A

Advantages Rhed: Most things are made for righties
Advantages Lhed: Sports, less lateralization, visualizing 3D.

75
Q

What is the Amygdala (FB)?

A

Arousal and new regulation of emotion (emotional memories).

76
Q

What is the Hippocampus (FB)

A

storage of new information in memory.

77
Q

What is an Electroencephalograph (EEG)?

A
  • detects action potential, amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain.
  • allows us to see where activity is occurring and if there is change in the brain.
78
Q

What is a CAT scan?

A
  • 3D xray that’s good for tumour and locating malfunction.
  • Advantage: fast
  • Disadvantage: invasive and fuzzy pictures.
79
Q

What is an MRI?

A

its a more detailed picture of the brain (better quality) and its non harmful radio frequencies.

80
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Coloured map of activity before and after, based on glucose intake and it requires a radioactive agent that’s injected to determine where glucose is being used.

81
Q

What is a functional MRI (FMRI)?

A

can show which areas of your brain are most active (ex: lying and telling the truth).

82
Q

what is a magnetoencephalography?

A

technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain.

83
Q

What is a TMS?

A
  • methods can mimic the brain damage.
  • temporarily activates or deactivates neurons in the cerebral cortex.
  • can be combined with FMRI techniques.
84
Q

What is diffusion tensor imaging?

A

Visualize white matter pathways.

85
Q

What is Substantia Nigra in the Midbrain?

A

Its where dopamine is produced and its involved in control of movement.

86
Q

What is Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the Midbrain?

A

Its where dopamine is produced and its associated with mood, reward, and addiction.

87
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

88
Q

What are the 2 components in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

89
Q

What are the 2 components of the PNS?

A

The somatic system and autonomic system.

90
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System for?

A
  • touch, temperature, pain, body position.
  • links spinal cord with body sense organs.
  • voluntary behaviour.
  • skin receptor (pain)
91
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system for and its 2 systems?

A

It’s for serving internal organs and glans and for automatic functions such as heart rate and Blood pressure.
Its 2 divisions are Sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

92
Q

What is Parasympathetic system?

A

network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger: ex- constricts pupil and inhibits tear glands, slows heart, contracts bladder etc.

93
Q

What is sympathetic system?

A

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response ex: increases Heart rate, breathing, emergency system, sitmulates tear glands.

Flashcards (2 decks)

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