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Psychology Shelf Flashcards

1
Q

Antidepressants

A

Tricyclic and heterocyclins SSRI/SSNRI/MAOI

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2
Q

Tricyclics and Heterocyclics

A

MOA Increase the level of monoamines in the synapse by reducing the reuptake of norepineprine and serotonin. Warning narrow therapeutic window, overdose causes fatal arrhytmias

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3
Q

SSRI and SSNRI

A

Most commonly used antidepressants today. Major side effects: GI disturbances and sexual dysfunction

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4
Q

MAOI

A

More helpful in depression with atypical features. Not commmonly used bc a tyramine-free diet (no red wine or aged cheese) must be followed or a hypertensive crisis can results

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5
Q

Lithium (side Effects)

A

Tremor, polyuria/diabetes insipidus, acne, hypothyroidism, cardia dysrhythmias, weight gain, edema, leukocytosis. * cleared through kidney*

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6
Q

Valproic acid (warning

A

Teratogenic

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7
Q

1st generation antipsychotics (typical)

A

MOA: block central dopamine receptors. Most effective in reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (ex. Hallucinations and delusions)

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8
Q

Tricyclics and Tetracyclics (side effects)

A

Anticholinergic: dry mouth, blurry vision, urinary retention, constipation, sedation, orthostatic hypotension (alpha blocaked), tachycardia, prolonged QT, weight gain. Fall risk in elederly. Half life: 6-30 h.

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9
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tertiary amine. Highly anticholinergic, very sedating. Half life 20 h

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10
Q

Doxepin

A

Tertiary amine. Highly anticholinergic, very sedating. Half life 16 h

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11
Q

imipramine

A

tertiary amine. Highly anticholinergic. Half life 20 h

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12
Q

Clomipramine

A

Tertiary amine. Anticholinergic, sedating, OCD responds well, useful in patients with depression w/marked obsessive features. Half life 21 h

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13
Q

Trimipramine

A

tertiary amine. Highly anticholinergic, very sedating. Half life 22 h

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14
Q

Desipramine

A

secondary amine. Least anticholinergic, not sedating. Half life 24 h

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15
Q

Nortriptyline

A

secondary amine less anticholinergic, half life 12 h

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16
Q

Protriptyline

A

secondary amine less anticholinergic, not sedating. half life 6 h

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17
Q

Amoxapine

A

tetracyclic. May cause EPS and NMS. (metabolite of loxapine). Less anticholinergic. Half life 30 h

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18
Q

SSRI and SSNRI (side effects)

A

Agitation, akathisia, anxiety, panic, insomnia, diarrhea, GI distress, headache, sexual dysfunction. To avoid fata serotonin syndrome no SSRI or SSNRI should be combined with a MAOI and an SSRI should be stopped at least 5 weeks before starting an MAOI

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19
Q

Fluoxetine

A

SSRI. Used in OCD. Half life 1-3 days

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20
Q

Sertraline

A

SSRI, causes diarrhea more than others. Used in OCD. Half life 25 h

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21
Q

Paroxetine

A

SSRI. Mildly anticholinergic. Used in treatment of OCD. Half life 24 h

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22
Q

Fluvoxamine

A

SSRI. Naused and vomiting more common. Used in OCD. Half life 15 h

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23
Q

Citalopram

A

SSRI. Possibly fewer sexual side effects. Half life 35 h

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24
Q

Escitalopram

A

SSRI. Half life 27- 30 h

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25
Q

Venlafaxine

A

SE: anxiety, may increase BP at highter dose, headache, insomnia, sweating. SNRI, used to treat GAD and social anxiety. Half life 3.5 h. active metabolite 9 h

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26
Q

Duloxetine

A

SSNRI. Used to treat GAD and painful diabetic neuropathy. Half life 12 h

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27
Q

Phenelzine

A

SE: orthostatic hypotension, somnolense, weight gain. Half life 4-5 h. MAOI

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28
Q

Isocarboxazid

A

MAOI. Orthostatic hypotension, somnolence, weight gain. Half life 2.5 h

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29
Q

Selegiline

A

MAOI. Orthostatic hypotension, weight gain somnolence, irritation at patch site. Transdermal delivered, treats depression and parkinsonism. Half life of 2 h

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30
Q

Tranylcypromine

A

MAOI. Orthostatic hypotension, somnolence, weight gain. Half life 2-3 h

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31
Q

Nefazodone

A

MOA: Serotonin-2 antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. SE: sedation hepatotoxicity. Less sexual dysfunction. Half life 2 - 4 h.

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32
Q

Trazodone

A

MOA: Serotonin-2 antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. SE: priapism, orthostatic hypotension, sedation. Sleep problems at lower doses

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33
Q

Mirtazapine

A

MOA: noradrenergic and specific serotonin antagonist. SE: weight gain, sedation. No sexual dysfunction, nausea or diarrhea. Half life of 20-40 h

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34
Q

Buproprion

A

MOA: norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. SE: nausea, anorexia, risk of seizures at higher doses, less sexual dysfunction. Used for smoking cessation. Half life 14 h.

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35
Q

Lithium

A

MOA: inhibits adenylate cyclase enzyme. SE: nause, tremor, hypothyroidism, dysrhythmias, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus. At toxic levels significant alterations in consciousness, seizures coma and death.

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36
Q

Valproic acid, valproate

A

MOA: opens chloride channels. SE: thrombocytopenia, weight gain, pancreatitis, hair loss, GI distress, cognitive dulling, neural tube defects in pregnancy

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37
Q

Divalproex sodium

A

MOA: opens chloride channels. SE: thrombocytopenia, pancreatitis, weight gain, hair loss GI distress, cognitive dulling, neural tube defects in pregnancy

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38
Q

Carbamazepine

A

MOA: inhibits kindling, inhibits reptitive firing action potentials by inactivating sodium channels. SE: agranulocytosis, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, dizziness, drowsiness, high liver function tests, congitive slowing, may cause craniofacial defects in newborn. Potent inducer of P450

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39
Q

Lamotrigine

A

May have acute antidepressant effect. Dose may be increased slowly to avoid rash. SE: leukopenia, rash, hepatic failure, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, somnolence, dizziness

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40
Q

Gabapentin

A

SE: somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, fatigue, leukopenia, weight gain. No drug interactions. Rash can be fatal.

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41
Q

Topiramate

A

SE: psychomoto slowing, memory problems, fatique. Many drug-drug interactions

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42
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Potency=low. Sedation and orthostatic hypotension are very common

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43
Q

Haloperidol

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Potency=high. EPS very common: available in long acting intramuscular depot

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44
Q

Thioridazine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Potency low. Higher incidence of cardia disturbances, retinitis pigmentosum

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45
Q

Mesoridazine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Potency low. Torsades de pointes

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46
Q

Molindone

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Potency medium

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47
Q

Fluphenazine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Potency high. Available in a long acting intramuscular depot

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48
Q

Trifluoperazine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. High potency.

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49
Q

Thiothixene

A

1st generation antipsychotic. High potency.

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50
Q

Perphenazine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. High potency.

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51
Q

Loxapine

A

1st generation antipsychotic. Medium potency.

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52
Q

Pimozide

A

1st generation antipsychotic. High potency.

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53
Q

Aripiprazole

A

MOA: partial agonist ast dopamine and serotonin-1A recptors and antagonist at postsynaptic serotonin-2A receptors. SE: heatahe, nausea, anxiety, insomnia, somnolnce. 2nd generation antipsychotic

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54
Q

Ziprasidone

A

MOA: serotonin-dopamine antagonist. SE: dose-related QT prolongation, postural hypotension, sedation. Present in breast milk. 2nd generation antipsychotic

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55
Q

Quetiapine

A

MOA: serotonin-dopamine antagonist. SE: orthostatic hypotension, transient Increase in weight, somnolence. Risk of developing cataracts. 2nd generation antypsychotic

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56
Q

Olanzapine

A

MOA: serontonin-dopamine antagonist. SE: Inc. prolactin, orthostatic hypotension, anticholinergic side effects, weight gain, somnolence. 2nd generation antipsychotic

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57
Q

Risperidone

A

MOA: serontonin-dopamine antagonist. SE: extrapyramidal withdrawal syndrome in high doses, postural hypotension, increased prolactin, weight gain, sedation, decrease concentration. Present in breast milk. 2nd generation antipsychotic

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58
Q

Clozapine

A

MOA: serotonin-dopamine antagonist. SE: agranulocytosis, anticholinergic side effects, weight gain, sedation, neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 2nd generation antipsychotic

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59
Q

Buspirone

A

Indication: GAD. SE: headache, GI distress, dizziness. Do not use with MAOI

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60
Q

Zolpidem

A

Indication: Insomnia. SE: headache, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea. Inc. effect with alcohol or SSRI

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61
Q

Zaleplon

A

Indication: Insomnia. SE: headache, peripheral edema, amnesia, dizziness, rash, nausea, tremor

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62
Q

Ramelteon

A

Indication: Insomnia. SE: headache, galactorrhea. Melatonin receptor agonist, no affinity for GABA receptor complex

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63
Q

Eszopilone

A

Indication: Insomnia. SE: anxiety, dec. sexual desire, dry mouth, unpleasant taste. Stopping this drug suddenly can cause anxiety, unusual dreams, stomach and muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, sweating and shakiness

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64
Q

Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine

A

Stimulant. Treats ADHD. SE: nervousness, restlessness + difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. May slow kids growth/weight gain; may be addictive

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65
Q

Modafinil

A

Stimulant. Treats Narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness. SE: dizziness, insomnia, diarrhea. Increase release of monoamines and increase hypothalamic histamine levels

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66
Q

Dextroamphetamine

A

Stimulant. Treats ADHD and Narcolepsy. SE: nervousness, restlessness, and difficulty falling/staying asleep. May be addictive

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67
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Stimulant. Treats ADHE and Narcolepsy. SE: nervousness, restlessness, difficulty falling/staying asleep

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68
Q

Alloplastic Defenses

A

Defenses used by patients who react to stress by attempting to change the external environment by threatening or manipulating others

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69
Q

Autoplastic Defenses

A

Defenses used by patients who react to stress by changing their internal psychological process

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70
Q

Ego-Dystonic

A

Describes a character deficit perceived by a patient as objectionable, distressing, or inconsistent to the selft

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71
Q

Ego-Syntonic

A

Describes a character deficit perceived by the aptient to be acceptable, unobjectable and consistent to the self. The patient tends to blame others for problems that occur

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72
Q

Schizoid

A

Loner. Detacher. Flat affect. Restricted emotions. Generally indifferent to interpersonal relationships outside of immediate family.

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73
Q

Schizotypal

A

Odd. Eccentric. Magical thinking. Paranoid. Not psychotic

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74
Q

Paranoid

A

Distrustful. Suspicious. Constricted affect

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75
Q

Histrionic

A

Excessively emotional. Attention seeking

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76
Q

Narcissistic

A

Self-important. Needs admiration. Dismissive of the feelings of others

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77
Q

Antisocial

A

Lacks empathy towars others. Acts out. Aggressive. Must have met criteria for conduct disorder as a child.

78
Q

Borderline

A

Impulsive. Unstable relationships. Affective instability.

79
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive

A

Perfectionist. Control Freak. Hyperfocused on orderliness

80
Q

Avoidant

A

Hypersensitive to criticism. Socially uncomfortable. Seeks out interpersonal relationships but with great discomfort.

81
Q

Dependent

A

Submissive. Clingy. Needs to be taken care of. Seeks others to make decisions for him/her.

82
Q

Tx of PCP intoxication

A

Room with minimal stimulation. Benzodiazepines are preffered as 1st line in nonpsychotic pts. to treat muscle spasms, seizures and sedation. Antipsychotic may be necessary-haloperidol or 2nd gen. antipsychotic

83
Q

Tx for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

SSRI, SNRI, buspirone and benzodiazepines. Cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychodynamic psychotherapy

84
Q

Tx of Bipolar Disorder

A

Mood stabilizers: Lithium and Valproic Acid - 1st line. 2nd line-Carbamazepine or oxcarbamazepine. Lamotrigine if presenting with depression. Long term use of antidepressants in bipolar is not recommended b/c they precipitate shifts in polarity.

85
Q

Clomipramine

A

Serotonin and dopamine inhibitor in the class of tricyclic and tetracylic agents. Used for OCD. SE: sedation, anticholinergic effects, at toxic levels causes cardiac dysrhythmias

86
Q

PANDAS

A

Pediatric autoimmunie neuropsychiatric disorders associated with strep infection. Includes OCD, Tourette’s, and TIC discorder

87
Q

Tx of OCD

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy-exposure/response prevention. SSRIs. Clomipramine. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine

88
Q

Delirium Tremens

A

Disorientation, fluctuations in level of consciousness, elevated vital signs, and tremors as a result of abrupt redution or cessation of alcohol use after prolonged alcohol use.

89
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia w/confabulation that develops after chronic alcohol use. Usually irreversible. Also caused by thiamine deficiency.

90
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy

A

Acute, usually reversible. Results from thiamine deficiency. Triad of delirium, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia (usually CN6)

91
Q

Disulfuram

A

Blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Treats alcohol dependence.

92
Q

Naltrexonea

A

Opioid antagonist believed to reduce craving for alcohol by blocking the dopaminergic pathways in the brain

93
Q

Tx of Major Depression w/Psychotic Symptoms

A

SSRI. Atypical neuroleptic. Psychotherapy

94
Q

Wraparound

A

A framework for organizing services in high-needs, mentally ill kids involving a number of core values including cultural sensitivity, strengths focus, creativity, natural supports, and team approaches

95
Q

Post traumatic Stress Disorder

A

Develops after a person witnesses, experiences, or is confronted with a traumatic event. The person reacts w/feelings of helplessness, fear, and horror, and has ongoing symptoms of reexperiencing, avoidance of reminders, and symptoms of increased arousal.

96
Q

Tx of PTSD

A

SSRI(sertraline,paroxetine). SNRI. Tricyclics and MAOIs. α-1 antagonists. Atypical antipsychotics. CBT

97
Q

Tx of Dysthymic Disorder

A

SSRIs. SNRIs. Bupropion. TCAs. MAOIs. Psychotherapy

98
Q

Agnosia

A

Failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function.

99
Q

Aphasia

A

Language impairment

100
Q

Apraxia

A

Impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function.

101
Q

Executive Functioning

A

Planning. Organizing. Sequencing. Abstracting.

102
Q

Formication

A

A hallucinated sensation that insects or snakes are crawling over the skin. It is a common side effect of extensive use of cocaine or amphetamines

103
Q

Tx of ADHD

A

Stimulant meds-causes of tics. Atomoxetine: selective inhibitor of presynaptic norepinephrine transporter-effective alternative to stiumlants in controlling ADHD-does not cause tics

104
Q

Tx of Bulimia Nervosa

A

CBT. Nutritional rehab. SSRI.

105
Q

Symptoms of Opiate Intoxication

A

Apathy. Psychomotor retardation. Constricted pupils. Drowsiness.

106
Q

Symptoms of Opioid Withdrawal

A

Sensitivity to touch and light, goose bumps, autonomic hyperactivity, GI distress, joint/muscle aches, yawning, salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, depressed/anxious mood, fever/chills, rhinorrhea, dilated pupils.

107
Q

Tx of Adjustment Disorder

A

Psychotherapy!

108
Q

Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide

A

Age>45. Alcohol dependence. Rage/violence. Prior suicidal behavior. Male gender

109
Q

Risk Factors for Completed Suicide

A

White race. Male gender. Age>45. Single/divorced. Protestant/Jewish

110
Q

Criteria for Factitious Disorder

A

Intentional production of feigning of physical or psychological signs/symptoms. The motivation is to assume the sick role. External incentives of rthe behavior are ABSENT.

111
Q

Tx of Tourette Syndrome

A

Clonidine. Guanfacine.

112
Q

Anxiolytic Drug Withdrawl Symptoms

A

Autonomic hyperativity. Hand tremor. Insomnia. Nausea. Halluncinations. Agitation. Anxiety. Seizures.

113
Q

Flumazenil

A

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist

114
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

A

Chlorpromazine. Thioridazine. Haloperidol. Fluphenazine. Thiothixine. Trifluoperazine. Perphenazine. Pimozide.

115
Q

Low Potency Typical Antipsychotics

A

Chlorpromazine-retinal deposits. Thioridazine-corneal deposits. Less EPS. Strong anti-HAM effects -H1 antagonist -α1 antagonist - antiMuscarinic effects

116
Q

High Potency Typical Antipsychotics

A

Haloperidol-also tx for Tourette’s and Huntington. Pimozide-prolonged QT. Fluphenazine. Thiothixine. Trifluoperazine. Perphenazine.

117
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Clozapine. Risperidol. Olanzepine. Quetiapine. Ziprazidone. Zotepine. Ariprprazole. Amisulpride.

118
Q

Clozapine

A

No EPS effects. AGRANULOCYTOSIS. Seizures

119
Q

Risperdol

A

Most EPS. Hyperprolactinemia

120
Q

Olanzepine

A

No hyperprolactinemia

121
Q

Quetiapine

A

CATARACTS. Can treat mania. Helps insomnia-causes sedation.

122
Q

Ziprazidone

A

QT prolongation. No Weight Gain.

123
Q

Neuroimagin for Panic Disorder

A

decreased volume of amydala

124
Q

Neuroimaging for PTSD

A

decreased hippocampal volume

125
Q

Neuoimaging for schizophrenia

A

Enlarged cerebral ventricles

126
Q

Symptoms of Amphetamine Intoxication

A

Change in HR, dilated pupils, change in BP, perspiration, chills, N/V, weight loss, muscular weakness, respiratory depression, chest pain, arrhythmias, confusion, seizures, dyskinesia, dystonia, coma

127
Q

Symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal

A

anxiety, tremors, lethargy, fatigue, nightmares, headaches, extreme hunger

128
Q

Acting out

A

expressing unaccepatble feelings and thoughts through actions. Ex. Tantrums

129
Q

Dissociation

A

temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciouness or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress

130
Q

Projection

A

attributig an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source

131
Q

Rationalization

A

proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self blame

132
Q

Reaction Formation

A

replacing a warded of idea or feeling by an emphasis on its opposite

133
Q

splitting

A

believing that perople are either all good or bad at different times due to intoleranace of ambiguity. Commonly seein in BPD

134
Q

TCA’s

A

imipramine- also tx for enuresis. Amitriptyline less alpha blocade. Nortriptyline. Desipramine. Doxepine. Clomipramine- Tx for OCD. Maprotiline

135
Q

SSRIs

A

Fluoxetine- safe in preg. Only one indicated in kids. Sertraline. Paroxetine. Escitalopram. Fluvoxamine. Citalopram

136
Q

Neuroimagin for autism

A

Increased total brain volume

137
Q

Neuroimagin for OCD

A

abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex and striatum

138
Q

Aripiprazole

A

decreased in weight gain, hyperprolactinemia

139
Q

TCA adverse effects

A

3cs convulsions, coma, cardia arrhytmias- wide QRS, prolonged pr, prolonged QT. Anti-ham. Weight gain

140
Q

Conduct disorder

A

reptitive and pervasive behavior violating the basic rights of others

141
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A

enduring pattern of hostile defiant behavior towards authority figures in the absence of serious violations of soial norms

142
Q

Alzheimer (NT change)

A

decrease in acetylcholine

143
Q

Anxiety (NT change(

A

increased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased GABA

144
Q

Depression (NT change)

A

decreased norepinephine, decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine

145
Q

Huntington Disease (NT change

A

Increased dopamine, decreased acetylcholine, decreased GABA

146
Q

Parkinson (NT change)

A

decreased dopamine, increased serotonin, increased acetylcholine

147
Q

Schizophrenia (NT change)

A

increased dopamine

148
Q

Alcohol intoxication

A

emotional lability, slurred speech, ataxia, coma, blackouts. GGT sensative indicator of alcohol use. Lab AST 2X>ALT

149
Q

Alcohol withdrawal

A

autonomic hyperactivity, delirium tremens. Tx for DTS: benozodiazepines

150
Q

Opioid Intoxication

A

euphoria, resp and CNS depression, decreased gag reflex pupillary constriction, seizures. Tx: naloxone, naltrexone

151
Q

Opioid withdrawal

A

sweating, dilated pupils, piloerection, fever, rhinorrhea, yawning, nausea, crams, diarrhea. Tx: long term support, methadone, buprenorphine

152
Q

Barbiturates Intoxication

A

low safety margin, marked respiratory depression. Tx: symptoms management

153
Q

Barbiturate withdrawal

A

delirium, cardiovascular collapse

154
Q

Benzodiazepines Intoxication

A

greater safety margin, ataxia, minor respiratory depression. Tx: supportive, flumazenil

155
Q

Benzodiazepine withdrawal

A

sleep disturbance, depression, rebound anxiety, seizure

156
Q

Cocaine intoxication

A

impaired judgment, pupillary dilation, hallucinations, paranoid ideations, angina, sudden cardiac death. Tx: benzodiazepines

157
Q

Cocaine withdrawal

A

hypersomnolence, malaise, severe psychological craving, depression/suicidality

158
Q

PCP intoxication

A

belligerence, impulsiveness, fever, psychomotor agitation, analgesia, nystagmus, tachycardia, homicidality, psychosis, delirium, seizures. Tx: benzodiazepines, rapid-acting antipsychotic

159
Q

PCP withdrawal

A

depression, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, anergia, disturbances of thought and sleep

160
Q

LSD Intoxication

A

perceptual distortion, depersonalization, anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, possible flashbacks

161
Q

ADHD Tx:

A

methyphenidate

162
Q

Alcohol withdrawal tx

A

benzodiazepines

163
Q

Anxiety Tx

A

SSRI, SNRI, buspirone

164
Q

Bipolar disorder tx

A

lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, atypical antipsychotics

165
Q

Bulimia Tx:

166
Q

Depression Tx:

A

SSRI, SNRI, TCA, buproprion, mirtazapine

167
Q

OCD tx

A

SSRI, clomipramine

168
Q

Panic disorder Tx

A

SSRI, venlafaxine, benzodiazepine

169
Q

PTSD TX

170
Q

Schizophrenia Tx

A

Antipsychotic

171
Q

Social Phobia Tx

A

SSRI, betablocker

172
Q

Tourette Syndrome Tx

A

Antipsychotics

173
Q

Norepi

A

increased in anxiety, decreased depression

174
Q

Dopamine

A

Increased in huntington, decreased in parkinson, decreased in depression

175
Q

Serotonin

A

increased in Parkinson, decreased in anxiety, decreased in depression

176
Q

Acetylcholine

A

increased in parkinson, decreased in alzheimer, decreased in huntington

177
Q

GABA

A

decreased in anxiety, decreased in huntington

178
Q

Drugs that decrease REM

A

Alcohol, benzo, barbiturates, norephinephrine

179
Q

Bedwetting Tx

A

desmopressin, Imipramine

180
Q

Tx for night terrors and sleepwalking

A

Benzodiazepines

181
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

Associated w/Lewy bodies and loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta. Resting/pill rolling tremor cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, shuffling gait

182
Q

Huntington Disease

A

expansion of CAG repeasts. Characterized by choreiform movements, aggression, depression and dementia. Decreased in GABA and Ach in the brain. Neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity. Atrophy of caudate nuclei present on imaging

183
Q

Dorsal Column

A

ascending. Pressure, vibration, touch, propriocetion

184
Q

Anterior spinothalamic Tract

A

crude touch and pressure. Ascending

185
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temperature. Ascending

186
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

voluntary motion. Descending

187
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

A

voluntary motion. Descending

188
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Most common cause in elderly. Increased risk in Down syndrome pts. Widespread cortical atrophy. Narrowing of gyri and widening of sulci. Decreased in Ach. Beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

189
Q

Frontotemporal dementia (Pick Disease)

A

Dementia, aphasia, change in personality, parkinsonia aspects. Spares parietal lobe and posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus. Pick bodies: spherical tau protein aggregates. Frontotemporal atrophy

190
Q

Lewy Body Dementia

A

initially dementia and visual hallucinations followed by parkinsonian features. Alpha synuclein defect

191
Q

Creutzfeld jakob disease

A

rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus. Spongiform cortex. Prions

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