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Psychology SAC Flashcards

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1
Q

Attitude

A

A judgement that someone makes about an object, person, group, event, or issue.

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2
Q

Affective Component

A

A feeling or emotional reaction. E.g. Crying, stomping around.

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3
Q

Behavioural Component

A

The way we express our attitudes through action. E.g. Someone participating in recycling programs.

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4
Q

Cognitive Component

A

Beliefs and knowledge of the world used while forming attitudes. E.g. Believing it is essential to exercise regularly to maintain good health.

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5
Q

Congruent

A

All components line up (All negative, All positive)

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6
Q

Incongruent

A

Not all components line up.

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7
Q

Halo/Horn Effect

A

A positive or negative opinion is formed solely relying on initial information about a person, place, or thing.
E.g. When someone looks physically attractive and assumed to be kind, intelligent, and sociable.

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8
Q

Personal Attribution (Internal Factors)

A

A personal attribution is an explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved, such as their personality, attitude, motivation, mood, or effort.

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9
Q

Situational Attribution (External Factors)

A

Situational attribution is an explanation of behaviour due to factors associated with the situation the person is in.

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10
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

It is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other people’s behaviour.

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11
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

When judging ourselves, we tend to take credit for our successes and deny responsibility for failure.

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12
Q

Saliency Bias

A

The persons’ behaviour tends to be more salient than the situation in which it is occurring.

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13
Q

Just-world belief

A

Bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people.

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14
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

It is the tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet attribute others to internal person factors.

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15
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalisation about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group that can be positive or negative.

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16
Q

Social Stigma

A

Negative labels and attitudes associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labelled in that way.

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

Is a positive or negative behaviour towards a social group ad its members, based solely on being a part of that social group.

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18
Q

Intergroup contact

A

Prejudice can be reduced through intergroup contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other.

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19
Q

Extended contact

A

Sustained or ongoing contact, either directly or indirectly over a period of time.

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20
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

Certain types of direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice.

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21
Q

Superordinate Goal

A

A goal that cannot be achieved by any one group and overrides other existing goals which each group might have.

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22
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

An unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware there is inconsistency among their various beliefs, attitudes, or other ‘cognitions’.

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23
Q

Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance:

A
  1. Change your cognition or belief.
  2. Change your behaviour to suit your cognition.
  3. Add new cognitions.
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24
Q

Cognitive Interventions

A

A term to describe the variety of therapeutic approaches designed to address psychological problems at the cognitive level, by the activation and analysis of thoughts, experiences, senses, and memories.

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25
Q

Heuristic

A

A strategy for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience with similar types of problems but cannot guarantee a correct outcome.

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26
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Involves making a judgement based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind.

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27
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Involves categorising a person, object, event, or anything else by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category.

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28
Q

Affect Heuristic

A

Involves making a judgement that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time.

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29
Q

Cognitive Bias

A

A systematic error of judgement and faulty decision-making, of inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions.

30
Q

Anchoring Bias

A

Tendency to rely on and believe in the first piece of information you receive.

31
Q

Attentional Bias

A

Cognitive bias, where our perception is affected by our current train of thought.

32
Q

False Consensus Bias

A

The human tendency to overestimate the extent to which people are like them in terms of sharing beliefs, characteristics, and behaviours and how they are shared to others.

33
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency only after an event has occurred to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.

34
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

When our memory from past events are altered after exposure to misleading information, there is a tendency of the information you learned after the event to interfere with the original memory of the event.

35
Q

Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

A person has little to no knowledge about a subject, thinks of themselves as an expert of that topic.

36
Q

Optimism Bias

A

The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimate the likelihood of experiencing negative events in the future.

37
Q

Aggregate

A

A collection of people in one location who have no obvious social structure and minimal shared purpose.

38
Q

Group

A

Any collection of two or more people who interact and can influence each other and share a common purpose.

39
Q

Status

A

Refers to the importance of a person’s position within a group

40
Q

Power

A

Refers to an individual’s ability to influence others’ thoughts, feelings, or behaviours.

41
Q

Reward Power

A

The ability to give positive consequences, or to remove negative consequences, in response to a specific behaviour.

42
Q

Coercive Power

A

The ability to give negative consequences or to remove positive consequences, in response to a specific behaviour.

43
Q

Legitimate Power

A

The status of the individual within the group gives them the authority to exercise power over those with less status or authority.

44
Q

Referent Power

A

Individuals identify with or want to be liked by this person.

45
Q

Expert Power

A

Having special knowledge or skills that are needed.

46
Q

Informational Power

A

Having resources or information that are not readily available elsewhere.

47
Q

A role

A

A role is the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way they function or act in different situations. It is the ‘part’ that a person plays in life.

48
Q

Role Expectations

A

Refers to the idea that a person who is adopting a role is expected to behave appropriately for that role by other members of society.

49
Q

Group think

A

A way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision-making or problem-solving.

50
Q

Group polarisation

A

It is the tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position.

51
Q

Social Comparison

A

It is the process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to other people.

52
Q

Deindividuation

A

It is characterised by reduced self-consciousness, inhibition, feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a group or crowd.

53
Q

Conformity

A

It is the tendency to adjust our thoughts, feelings, or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of another individual, group or with social pressure.

54
Q

Factors that affect conformity.

A

Size of the group.
Unanimity.
Informational Influence.
Normative influence.
Social loafing.
Culture.

55
Q

Factors affecting obedience.

A

Social Proximity.
Legitimacy of authority figures.
Group pressure.

56
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude towards another person or social group, formed in advance of any experience with that person or group.

57
Q

What is person perception

A

refers to the mental processes used to create interpretations and make conclusions about others.

58
Q

What is attribution

A

The process we use to explain behaviour.

59
Q

Group norms

A

Group norms are the expectations and behaviours associated with a social group, such as a nationality, an organisation, or a sports team.

60
Q

social loafing

A

A person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone.

61
Q

What are four ways to reduce prejudice, discrimination, and stigma?

A

-Mutual interdependence
-Equality of status
-Cognitive intervention

62
Q

Ingroup

A

An in-group is a group to whom you, as a person, belong, and anyone else who is perceived as belonging to that group.

63
Q

Outgroup

A

An out-group consists of anyone who does not belong to your group.

64
Q

What are the positive/negative influences of social connections?

A

Wide-ranging research suggests that strong social ties are linked to a longer life. As opposed to loneliness and social isolation are linked to poorer health, depression, and increased risk of early death.

65
Q

What are the positive/negative influences of social comparison?

A

Comparing yourself to others in a healthy, positive way can potentially benefit your self-esteem or inspire you toward healthy self-improvement. Negatively, social comparison that takes on a more negative form can lower self-esteem and even increase your risk of depression.

66
Q

What are the positive/negative influences of information access?

A

The positive effects include improved efficiency, enhanced communication, global reach, customer experience, and collaboration. However, negative impacts, including job displacement, increased competition, security risks, cost, and over-reliance on technology.

67
Q

What is self-determination theory?

A

Suggests that all humans have three basic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—that underlie growth and development.

68
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic motivation comes from an internal desire to accomplish a goal, while extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards and praise.

69
Q

Anti-conformity

A

A deliberate, self-conscious refusal to comply with accepted social standards.

70
Q

What are the factors influencing anti-conformity?

A

-Independence
-Psychological reactance

71
Q

Non-Scientific ideas

A

Non-science encompasses a wide range of human activities, such as religion, philosophy, art, and literature, that are not based on scientific methods and may rely on other sources of knowledge.

72
Q
A

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