Psychology Review. Flashcards
What is Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
The standardized score for an individuals intelligence as measured by a specific test.
What is the concept of intelligence.
Intelligence can be defined in many ways, including ones capacity for learning, problem solving and applying knowledge to adapt to unfamiliar situation.
What is meta cognition.
An understanding and use of the way a person thinks when solving problems, reasoning, planning and decision making.
Explain the difference between the concept of intelligence and the intelligence quotient (IQ).
IQ is the score collected on a specific test and intelligence is the bigger picture of how people learn and think.
Identify why Intelligence is so hard to define.
Intelligence is hard to define because it comes in many forms, there are different theories about what it is, it’s tough to measure fully and can change
Differentiate between the concept of intelligence and IQ.
Intelligence is a broad and complex trait, while IQ is just one method of quantifying certain aspects of that trait.
Who proposed the Multiple Intelligence’s theory?
Howard Gardner in 1983. He suggested that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait but consists of various distinct types.
What are the 8 types of intelligence?
1- Linguistic.
2- Logical- mathematical.
3- Musical.
4- Bodily-kinesthetic.
5-Interpersonal.
6- Intrapersonal.
7-Nature.
8- Spatial.
Explain Gardeners model of multiple intelligence.
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences challenges the traditional view of intelligence, which often focuses solely on logical and linguistic abilities (as measured by IQ tests). Gardner proposed that intelligence is not a single, fixed ability but consists of multiple distinct types, each representing different ways of processing information and solving problems.
What are biological factors that may contribute to the development of mental illnesses?
Genetics could be the main biological influence on the development of mental illnesses.
Validity is…
the extent to which a test, measurement, or research method accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Reliability is….
the consistency and dependability of a measurement, test, or research method. It indicates the extent to which a tool produces stable and consistent results over repeated trials or across different observers
Explain the placebo effect.
The placebo effect is where a person has a response to a fake intervention, such as when someone is given a sugar pill, and they report it helps with there headaches.
Identify one advantage of the use of placebo treatments.
Placebos are crucial in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) because they help determine the efficacy of a new treatment by providing a comparison to an inactive substance
Identify one disadvantage of the use of placebo treatments.
Using placebo treatments outside of clinical trials can be unethical in some situations, particularly when effective treatments are available. Giving a patient a placebo when they believe they are receiving actual medical treatment may involve deception, which can undermine trust between the patient and healthcare provider and prevent the patient from receiving real, effective care.
Identify 2 reasons why it may be unethical for a doctor to treat a patient using a placebo.
1- When a doctor prescribes a placebo without the patient’s knowledge, it involves deception, as the patient is led to believe they are receiving an active treatment.
2-Prescribing a placebo instead of an available, proven treatment can delay or deny effective medical care, potentially worsening the patient’s condition.
What is emotion?
Emotion can be explained as physical and psychological changes that influence behavior in response to a feeling or situation.
What are the three categories that psychologists generally think emotion fall into?
1- Physiological changes.
2- Subjective feelings.
3- Associated behaviors.
What is the two-factor theory of emotion?
Proposed by Schater and Singer (1962). Suggests that emotion is caused by assigning a cognitive label to the physiological response to a situation.
What is primary appraisal?
Primary appraisal is the first stage of the cognitive appraisal process, where an individual evaluates a situation or event to determine its significance to their well-being. It involves assessing whether the situation poses a threat, challenge, or harm/loss
What is secondary appraisal?
This appraisal involves evaluating both internal resources (e.g., skills, emotional resilience) and external resources (e.g., social support, financial means). The outcome of the secondary appraisal will determine how the individual responds to the stressor—whether they feel capable of managing it or overwhelmed by it.
What are the 6 key areas that the LeDoux’s biological model focuses on?
- Amygalda- central to processing emotions particularly fear and threat detection.
- Thalamus- Acts as a relay station, receiving sensory input and quickly passing information to the amygdala for rapid emotional processing (the “low road”).
- Sensory Cortex: Processes sensory information in more detail.
- Hippocampus: Involved in memory and context, the hippocampus works alongside the amygdala to help assess whether a stimulus is associated with a past threat or trauma.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Regulates and controls emotional responses by providing rational thought and executive functions.
- Hypothalamus: Manages the body’s physiological responses to emotions.
Describe LeDouxs model of emotion.
LeDoux’s model of emotion focuses on the brain mechanisms underlying the experience of emotions, particularly the fear response.
What is mindfulness?
A set of skills that enable effective living through paying attention in a specific way and reaching a level of acceptance about one’s life.
