Psychology Review. Flashcards
What is Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
The standardized score for an individuals intelligence as measured by a specific test.
What is the concept of intelligence.
Intelligence can be defined in many ways, including ones capacity for learning, problem solving and applying knowledge to adapt to unfamiliar situation.
What is meta cognition.
An understanding and use of the way a person thinks when solving problems, reasoning, planning and decision making.
Explain the difference between the concept of intelligence and the intelligence quotient (IQ).
IQ is the score collected on a specific test and intelligence is the bigger picture of how people learn and think.
Identify why Intelligence is so hard to define.
Intelligence is hard to define because it comes in many forms, there are different theories about what it is, it’s tough to measure fully and can change
Differentiate between the concept of intelligence and IQ.
Intelligence is a broad and complex trait, while IQ is just one method of quantifying certain aspects of that trait.
Who proposed the Multiple Intelligence’s theory?
Howard Gardner in 1983. He suggested that intelligence is not a single, fixed trait but consists of various distinct types.
What are the 8 types of intelligence?
1- Linguistic.
2- Logical- mathematical.
3- Musical.
4- Bodily-kinesthetic.
5-Interpersonal.
6- Intrapersonal.
7-Nature.
8- Spatial.
Explain Gardeners model of multiple intelligence.
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences challenges the traditional view of intelligence, which often focuses solely on logical and linguistic abilities (as measured by IQ tests). Gardner proposed that intelligence is not a single, fixed ability but consists of multiple distinct types, each representing different ways of processing information and solving problems.
What are biological factors that may contribute to the development of mental illnesses?
Genetics could be the main biological influence on the development of mental illnesses.
Validity is…
the extent to which a test, measurement, or research method accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Reliability is….
the consistency and dependability of a measurement, test, or research method. It indicates the extent to which a tool produces stable and consistent results over repeated trials or across different observers
Explain the placebo effect.
The placebo effect is where a person has a response to a fake intervention, such as when someone is given a sugar pill, and they report it helps with there headaches.
Identify one advantage of the use of placebo treatments.
Placebos are crucial in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) because they help determine the efficacy of a new treatment by providing a comparison to an inactive substance
Identify one disadvantage of the use of placebo treatments.
Using placebo treatments outside of clinical trials can be unethical in some situations, particularly when effective treatments are available. Giving a patient a placebo when they believe they are receiving actual medical treatment may involve deception, which can undermine trust between the patient and healthcare provider and prevent the patient from receiving real, effective care.
Identify 2 reasons why it may be unethical for a doctor to treat a patient using a placebo.
1- When a doctor prescribes a placebo without the patient’s knowledge, it involves deception, as the patient is led to believe they are receiving an active treatment.
2-Prescribing a placebo instead of an available, proven treatment can delay or deny effective medical care, potentially worsening the patient’s condition.
What is emotion?
Emotion can be explained as physical and psychological changes that influence behavior in response to a feeling or situation.
What are the three categories that psychologists generally think emotion fall into?
1- Physiological changes.
2- Subjective feelings.
3- Associated behaviors.
What is the two-factor theory of emotion?
Proposed by Schater and Singer (1962). Suggests that emotion is caused by assigning a cognitive label to the physiological response to a situation.
What is primary appraisal?
Primary appraisal is the first stage of the cognitive appraisal process, where an individual evaluates a situation or event to determine its significance to their well-being. It involves assessing whether the situation poses a threat, challenge, or harm/loss
What is secondary appraisal?
This appraisal involves evaluating both internal resources (e.g., skills, emotional resilience) and external resources (e.g., social support, financial means). The outcome of the secondary appraisal will determine how the individual responds to the stressor—whether they feel capable of managing it or overwhelmed by it.
What are the 6 key areas that the LeDoux’s biological model focuses on?
- Amygalda- central to processing emotions particularly fear and threat detection.
- Thalamus- Acts as a relay station, receiving sensory input and quickly passing information to the amygdala for rapid emotional processing (the “low road”).
- Sensory Cortex: Processes sensory information in more detail.
- Hippocampus: Involved in memory and context, the hippocampus works alongside the amygdala to help assess whether a stimulus is associated with a past threat or trauma.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Regulates and controls emotional responses by providing rational thought and executive functions.
- Hypothalamus: Manages the body’s physiological responses to emotions.
Describe LeDouxs model of emotion.
LeDoux’s model of emotion focuses on the brain mechanisms underlying the experience of emotions, particularly the fear response.
What is mindfulness?
A set of skills that enable effective living through paying attention in a specific way and reaching a level of acceptance about one’s life.
What is attention in the components of mindfulness?
Attention was defined as the amount of focus we apply to a particular stimulus (what we are focusing on).
What is acceptance in the components of mindfulness?
Once an individual is able to regulate their attention and focus on the present, they must also be able to recognize and identify these experiences. Acceptance is about an experience for what it is and accept it without criticism or judgement.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory of Motivation
CET is designed to explain the effect to external consequences on internal motivation.
Theory states that when extrinsic rewards are used by organisation as payoffs for superior performance, the intrinsic rewards within individuals are reduced.
What is the task Orientation theory of motivation
The Task Orientation Theory of Motivation is a framework within educational and sports psychology that explains how individuals are motivated to engage in activities based on their focus on specific goals. It is closely associated with Achievement Goal Theory, which emphasizes two primary orientations: task orientation and ego orientation (or performance orientation).
Compare the Cognitive Evaluation theory of motivation, with the Task Orientation Theory of Motivation.
While CET emphasizes how external influences can affect motivation, Task Orientation Theory is more concerned with how internal motivations focused on improvement and mastery can drive long-term engagement and success. Both theories offer valuable insights into how motivation operates but focus on different dimensions of motivational dynamics.
Intrinsic Motivation.
When people are motivated by internal factors, such as excitement, pleasure or joy, to complete a task.
Extrinsic Motivation.
When people are motivated by external factors, such as receiving reward or punishment.
What are the 3 factors influencing motivation?
1- Informational Aspect.
2- Controlling Aspect.
3- Amotivating Aspect.
What is the informational aspect of motivation?
Information on our performance may impact motivation e.g. Reward for competence may increase motivation, while punishment for incompetent performance may decrease motivation. (Always encourage effort over performance).
What is the controlling aspect of motivation?
The greater control an individual has over their decisions on the task (how when why) the more motivated they will be to complete the task.
What is the amotivating aspect of motivation?
An individual’s assessment of their competence (and/or resources) to be lacking to complete the tasks contributes to amotivation( the reduced motivation to complete task due to perceived incompetence)
Distinguish between the DSM5 and the ICD-10
The DSM-5 is primarily used in the U.S. by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders with detailed criteria.The ICD-10 is a global system used for diagnosing both physical and mental health conditions, with a broader scope including medical coding and statistical tracking.
Explain stigma as a barrier to help-seeking behavior.
Stigma acts as a powerful barrier to help-seeking behavior by promoting fear, shame, and misconceptions about mental illness and treatment, preventing many people from accessing the care they need.
Contrast the information processing model of intelligence and emotional intelligence.
While both models provide important insights into human intelligence, they emphasize different domains of functioning, with cognitive intelligence focusing on logical processing and emotional intelligence on social and emotional well-being.
Identify and Describe the five factors that influence happiness.
1- Age.
2- Physical Health.
3- Employment.
4- Culture.
5- Religion.
Identify three psychological risk factors of psychological disorders.
1- Chronic Stress.
2- Negative thought patterns.
3- Poor coping skills.
Describe the self-efficacy theory of motivation.
Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, explains how an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed at specific tasks influences their motivation, behavior, and performance. According to Bandura, self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the actions required to manage prospective situations. In other words, it is the confidence in one’s ability to take on challenges and achieve goals.
Identify and Describe the five features of goal setting proposed by Locke.et.Al.,(1981).
1- Clarity- Goals should be clear, specific, and well-defined..
2- Challenge- Goals should be challenging but achievable.
3- Commitment- individuals need to be committed to the goals they set..
4- Feedback- allows individuals to track their progress toward their goals.
5-Task Complexity- Complex tasks should be broken down into smaller steps to ensure success.
