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PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS > PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an experimental method?

A

where we manipulate the IV to see the effect on the DV

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2
Q

what is the aim?

A

purpose of the study

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3
Q

what is the hypotheses?

A

the relationship between variables being investigated

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4
Q

what is a directional hypotheses?

A

states the direction between the variables being investigated

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5
Q

what is a non directional hypotheses?

A

states that there is a difference between variables being investigated, happens when there is no prior research

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6
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

variable which we change

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7
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

variable which we measure

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8
Q

what is operationalisation?

A

defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

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9
Q

what is an extraneous variable?

A

variable which affects the DV but doesn’t systematically vary

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10
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

variable that affects the DV, but changes systematically

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11
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

cues that the research gives which makes them feel like they can guess the aim of the investigation- may want to please the researcher or sabotage the results

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12
Q

what are investigator effects?

A

unwanted influence from the researcher’s behaviour (conscious or unconscious), that affects the researcher’s results

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13
Q

what is randomisation?

A

use of chance to reduce the effects of bias from investigator effects

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14
Q

what is standardisation?

A

using the same formalised procedures and instructions for every participant involved in the research process

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15
Q

what is a laboratory experiment?

A

environment where variables can be controlled

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16
Q

what is a field experiment?

A

more natural environment, but variables are still controlled

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17
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A

experiment where the independent variable naturally exists eg) gender differences

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18
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

independent variable happens even if the researcher hadn’t been there eg) Romanian orphan studies

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19
Q

what is a population?

A

group of people from whom the sample was drawn

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20
Q

what is opportunity sampling?

A

participants happen to be available at the time the study was carried out

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21
Q

what is random sampling?

A

all the members of a population have an equal choice of being selected eg) random number generator

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22
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

every nth person is selected

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23
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

people in the sample reflect the varying proportions of people in subgroups within the wider population

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24
Q

what is volunteer sampling?

A

involves self selection

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25
Q

what are independent groups?

A

participants only take part in one condition of the independent variable, so there are no order effects

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26
Q

what are repeated measures?

A

same participants take part in all conditions of the independent variable, so they should use counter balancing

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27
Q

what are matched pairs?

A

participants are matched on a variable, then one member of each pair does the condition

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28
Q

what is a pilot study?

A

small scale version of an investigation which is done before the real investigation, with the aim to eliminate potential problems

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29
Q

what is a single blind sudy?

A

researchers do not tell participants if they are being given the test or control treatment

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30
Q

what is a double blind study?

A

neither the participants or the experimenter know who is receiving the treatment

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31
Q

what is a control group?

A

base line from which the experimental condition can be compared

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32
Q

what is a naturalistic study?

A

watch and record the behaviour where it normally takes place

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33
Q

what is a controlled study?

A

watch and record the behaviour in a structured environment

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34
Q

what is an overt study?

A

participants know that they are being watched

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35
Q

what is a covert study?

A

participants do not know that they are being watched

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36
Q

what is a participant study?

A

researcher who is observing becomes part of the group that they are observing

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37
Q

what is a non participant study?

A

researcher who is observing is not part of the group that is being observed

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38
Q

what are behavioural categories?

A

target behaviour is broken up into precise components

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39
Q

what is time sampling?

A

behaviour is recorded within a pre established time frame

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40
Q

what is event sampling?

A

count the number of times that a particular behaviour is carried out

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41
Q

what is a correlation?

A

looks at an association between 2 co-variables

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42
Q

what is calculated to look at a correlation?

A

correlation co efficent

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43
Q

what are the three types of correlation?

A

positive/negative/no

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44
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

words

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45
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

numbers

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46
Q

what is primary data?

A

data obtained first hand

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47
Q

what is secondary data?

A

data collected by someone else

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48
Q

what is a meta analysis?

A

combines results from many different studies

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49
Q

what is the mean?

A

total/how many values there are

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50
Q

what is the median?

A

middle value

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51
Q

what is the mode?

A

most common value

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52
Q

what is the range?

A

biggest-smallest value

53
Q

what is the standard deviation?

A

difference from the mean

54
Q

what curve is a normal distribution?

A

bell shaped

55
Q

what is a skewed distribution?

A

spread of data which isn’t symmetrical and clusters towards one end

56
Q

what is a positive skew?

A

to the right- mode/median/mean

57
Q

what is a negative skew?

A

to the left-

mean/median/mode

58
Q

what is peer review?

A

assessing scientific work by an expert in the same field

59
Q

what are the aims of peer review?

A

helps allocate funding
checks the relevance and quality of research
can suggest improvements

60
Q

what are implications for the economy?

A

implications of psychological research on the country’s economy

61
Q

what is the economy?

A

a region’s activity of producing/consuming goods and services

62
Q

what is a case study?

A

detailed study into the life of a person

looks at the past and present behaviour of an individual

63
Q

what type of data does a case study use?

A

qualitative data

64
Q

what is content analysis?

A

studying human behaviour indirectly by looking at what people produce

65
Q

what are the stages of content analysis?

A

identify a hypotheses
create a coding system
conduct content analysis
analyse the data

66
Q

what is nominal data?

A

data in the form of categories

67
Q

what is ordinal data?

A

ranked data

68
Q

what is interval data?

A

numerical scales

69
Q

what are the features of a scientific report?

A 
abstract
introduction
method
results
discussion 
referencing
70
Q

what is an abstract?

A

key details of the report

71
Q

what is an introduction?

A

information based on past research

72
Q

what is a method?

A

description of how the study was conducted

73
Q

what are the results?

A

all the findings from the study

74
Q

what is the discussion?

A

consider what the findings mean, and how they can be applied

75
Q

what is referencing?

A

listing the sources of the study

76
Q

how do you reference?

A 
authors 
date
title of book in italics
place of publication
publisher
77
Q

what are the stages of the sign test?

A

state the hypotheses

record the data and work out the sign

find the calculated value of S= number of times the less frequent sign occurs

find the critical value at the 5% level

S is less than/equal= significant

78
Q

what is the rhyme to remember the stats table?

A

carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potatoes

79
Q

when is a chi square test used?

A 
nominal data
test of difference 
unrelated 
OR
nominal data
test of association
80
Q

when is a sign test used?

A

nominal data
test of difference
related

81
Q

when is a mann-whitney test used?

A

test of difference
unrelated
ordinal data

82
Q

when is a wilcoxon test used?

A

test of difference
related
ordinal

83
Q

when is a Spearman’s rho test used?

A

test of association

ordinal data

84
Q

when is a related t test used?

A

test of difference
related
interval data

85
Q

when is an unrelated t test used?

A

test of difference
unrelated
interval data

86
Q

when is a pearson’s R test used?

A

test of association

interval data

87
Q

what are related designs?

A

repeated measures

matched pairs

88
Q

what are unrelated designs?

A

independent groups

89
Q

what is significance?

A

whether we are sure that a correlation exists or not

90
Q

what is probability?

A

how likely it is for an event to happen

91
Q

what is a Type 1 error?

A

incorrectly reject a null hypotheses (false positive)

92
Q

what is a Type 2 error?

A

don’t reject a false null hypotheses (false negative)

93
Q

when is a Type 1 error more likely to occur?

A

if the significance level is too high

94
Q

when is a Type 2 error more likely to occur?

A

if the significance level is too low

95
Q

what is a paradigm?

A

set of shared assumptions

96
Q

what is a paradigm shift?

A

change in assumptions in a scientific discipline

97
Q

what is a theory?

A

set of general principles/laws

98
Q

what is falsifiability?

A

theory cannot be considered scientific unless it can be proven untrue

99
Q

what is replicability?

A

whether a scientific method can be repeated

100
Q

what is objectivity?

A

removing bias from research

101
Q

what is the emperical method?

A

evidence is collected through direct observation and experience

102
Q

what is informed consent?

A

participants must be told the purpose of the investigation

103
Q

what are the three types of informed consent?

A

prior general
retrospective
presumptive

104
Q

what is deception?

A

deliberately witholding information from participants, so they should be debriefed after

105
Q

what is protection from harm?

A

participants should not be harmed any more than they would in real life, should be debriefed after

106
Q

what is privacy?

A

participants control how much information how much information is revealed about themselves

107
Q

what is confidentiality?

A

the right participants have to protect their personal data

108
Q

what are the two methods of self report?

A

questionnaires

interviews

109
Q

what are the three types of scale for self report?

A

likert scale
rating scale
fixed choice scale

110
Q

what are the three types of interview?

A

structured
unstructured
semi structured

111
Q

what are the two types of question?

A

open questions

closed questions

112
Q

what is reliability?

A

how consistent findings are

113
Q

how can reliability be improved in questionnaires?

A

replace open with closed questions

114
Q

how can reliability be improved in interviews?

A

do not ask leading/ambiguous questions,

115
Q

how can reliability be improved in observations?

A

make behavioural categories

116
Q

how can reliability be improved in experiments?

A

control the procedure

117
Q

what is validity?

A

whether findings are legitimate or not

118
Q

what is internal validity?

A

whether the outcome is due to the manipulation of the IV or not

119
Q

what is external validity?

A

whether findings can be generalised

120
Q

what is ecological validity?

A

whether findings can be generalised to real life

121
Q

what is temporal validity?

A

whether findings can be generalised over time

122
Q

what is population validity?

A

whether findings can be generalised across a population

123
Q

what is face validity?

A

whether a measure measures what it is supposed to

124
Q

what is concurrent validity?

A

extent to which a psychological measure compares to an existing measure

125
Q

what is predictive validity?

A

how well a test can predict future events/behaviours

126
Q

how can validity be improved in experimental research?

A

use a control group

127
Q

how can validity be improved in questionnaires?

A

incorporate a lie scale to reduce social desirability bias

128
Q

how can validity be improved in observations?

A

use covert observations

PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH METHODS (1 decks)

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