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psychology- year 1 > Psychology- research methods > Flashcards

Psychology- research methods Flashcards

1
Q

Independent variable

A

What is changed

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2
Q

Dependant variable

A

What is measured

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3
Q

Aims

A

What the researchers intend to find out and do during the study

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4
Q

Ethical issues

A

Conflicting sets of values, moral right and wrongs

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise and testable statement

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6
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants given comprehensive information concerning the nature of the study and their rights

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7
Q

Operationalise

A

Putting the variables into a testable and measurable form

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8
Q

Standardised procedures

A

A set of procedures that are the same for all participants, so that the study can be repeated

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9
Q

Extraneous variable

A

A variable that is not the IV but can affect the results of the experiment (.e.g: time of day)

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10
Q

Confounding variable

A

A variable that affects the DV in a systematic way, it is unintentionally measured (.e.g: gender or age)

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11
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which the results were caused by experimental manipulation rather than extraneous or confounding variables.

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12
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which a finding can be generalised

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13
Q

Ecological validity

A

How it can be generalised to other settings or locations

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14
Q

Population validity

A

How it can be generalised to other groups of people

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15
Q

Temporal/historical validity

A

The degree to which it can be generalised to the historical period

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16
Q

Generalise

A

To be able to understand and relate the findings to everyday life

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17
Q

Mundane realism

A

How the study mirrors the real world (High mundane realism - very much reflects the real world)

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18
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States the expected direction of the study (usually based on previous evidence or theory)

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19
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

States that there is a difference between the variables but does not state the direction of the difference
(When there is little or no evidence showing a direction)

20
Q

Null hypothesis

A

When there is no difference explicitly stated in the hypothesis

21
Q

Independent group design

A

One group per condition of IV

22
Q

Repeated measures

A

All participants do both conditions

23
Q

Matched pair design

A

Recruit group and find out information.

Match them in pairs and split the pairs to do a condition each

24
Q

Counterbalance

A

In repeated measures you need to balance the order effects. You can do this by splitting the group and making them do condition A then B and the others do B then A.

25
Q

Participant variables

A

Participants abilities that may affect the results

26
Q

Pilot study

A

Smaller test of a larger experiment to test that it runs smoothly

27
Q

Order effects

A

In repeated measures the order of the conditions affects the results of the next

28
Q

Positive control groups

A

Control group in which the expected effect will occur

29
Q

Negative control group

A

Produce a negative result and unexpected outcomes (identify outside influences)

30
Q

Lab experiment

A

A highly controlled experiment taking place in an artificial environment

31
Q

Field experiment

A

A highly controlled (manipulation of the IV) experiment taking place in a natural setting

32
Q

Natural experiment

A

An experiment in which the IV cannot be manipulated so the researchers take advantage of naturally occurring situations

33
Q

Quasi experiments

A

An experiment in which the IV cannot he manipulated however there can be a comparison between peoples traits

34
Q

Demand characteristics

A

How participants respond when they think the researcher demands a certain reaction from them

35
Q

Investigator effects

A

Anything the investigator does that may affect the participants response such as physical or emotional cues

36
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Participants are whoever is available at the time. It is easy and fast and although there is a wide variety of participants available, there is only a small group that are available to take part in the experiment.

37
Q

Random sampling

A

Randomly selected participants. List of names in a hat, selected randomly.
Although it is unbiased, it is time consuming.

38
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Staring randomly and following a preset method of selection. It is simple and non biased however it is only truly non biased if the starting person is random

39
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Participants volunteer to be a part of the experiment. Although there is a wide variety of participants available, there is a volunteer bias

40
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Subgroup/ total population X sample size

Tells you how many people to randomly select from each subgroup

41
Q

Confidentiality

A

Concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another and trust that the information will be protected

42
Q

Deception

A

A participant is not told the true aims of the study and therefore cannot give informed consent

43
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants must be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research to be given an informed decision

44
Q

Privacy

A

A persons right to control the flow of information about themselves

45
Q

Protection from mental and physical harm

A

Should not experience more harm than they would in the real world

46
Q

Right to withdraw

A

Participants can stop participating at any time for any reason with no consequences

47
Q

Presumptive consent

A

If a group of participants agreed knowing the true aim and all of the information it is presumed that all groups would consent

psychology- year 1 (1 decks)

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