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psychology- year 1 > Psychology- research methods > Flashcards

Psychology- research methods Flashcards

1
Q

Independent variable

A

What is changed

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2
Q

Dependant variable

A

What is measured

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3
Q

Aims

A

What the researchers intend to find out and do during the study

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4
Q

Ethical issues

A

Conflicting sets of values, moral right and wrongs

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise and testable statement

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6
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants given comprehensive information concerning the nature of the study and their rights

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7
Q

Operationalise

A

Putting the variables into a testable and measurable form

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8
Q

Standardised procedures

A

A set of procedures that are the same for all participants, so that the study can be repeated

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9
Q

Extraneous variable

A

A variable that is not the IV but can affect the results of the experiment (.e.g: time of day)

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10
Q

Confounding variable

A

A variable that affects the DV in a systematic way, it is unintentionally measured (.e.g: gender or age)

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11
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which the results were caused by experimental manipulation rather than extraneous or confounding variables.

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12
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which a finding can be generalised

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13
Q

Ecological validity

A

How it can be generalised to other settings or locations

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14
Q

Population validity

A

How it can be generalised to other groups of people

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15
Q

Temporal/historical validity

A

The degree to which it can be generalised to the historical period

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16
Q

Generalise

A

To be able to understand and relate the findings to everyday life

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17
Q

Mundane realism

A

How the study mirrors the real world (High mundane realism - very much reflects the real world)

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18
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States the expected direction of the study (usually based on previous evidence or theory)

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19
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

States that there is a difference between the variables but does not state the direction of the difference
(When there is little or no evidence showing a direction)

20
Q

Null hypothesis

A

When there is no difference explicitly stated in the hypothesis

21
Q

Independent group design

A

One group per condition of IV

22
Q

Repeated measures

A

All participants do both conditions

23
Q

Matched pair design

A

Recruit group and find out information.

Match them in pairs and split the pairs to do a condition each

24
Q

Counterbalance

A

In repeated measures you need to balance the order effects. You can do this by splitting the group and making them do condition A then B and the others do B then A.

25
Participant variables
Participants abilities that may affect the results
26
Pilot study
Smaller test of a larger experiment to test that it runs smoothly
27
Order effects
In repeated measures the order of the conditions affects the results of the next
28
Positive control groups
Control group in which the expected effect will occur
29
Negative control group
Produce a negative result and unexpected outcomes (identify outside influences)
30
Lab experiment
A highly controlled experiment taking place in an artificial environment
31
Field experiment
A highly controlled (manipulation of the IV) experiment taking place in a natural setting
32
Natural experiment
An experiment in which the IV cannot be manipulated so the researchers take advantage of naturally occurring situations
33
Quasi experiments
An experiment in which the IV cannot he manipulated however there can be a comparison between peoples traits
34
Demand characteristics
How participants respond when they think the researcher demands a certain reaction from them
35
Investigator effects
Anything the investigator does that may affect the participants response such as physical or emotional cues
36
Opportunity sampling
Participants are whoever is available at the time. It is easy and fast and although there is a wide variety of participants available, there is only a small group that are available to take part in the experiment.
37
Random sampling
Randomly selected participants. List of names in a hat, selected randomly. Although it is unbiased, it is time consuming.
38
Systematic sampling
Staring randomly and following a preset method of selection. It is simple and non biased however it is only truly non biased if the starting person is random
39
Volunteer sampling
Participants volunteer to be a part of the experiment. Although there is a wide variety of participants available, there is a volunteer bias
40
Stratified sampling
Subgroup/ total population X sample size | Tells you how many people to randomly select from each subgroup
41
Confidentiality
Concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another and trust that the information will be protected
42
Deception
A participant is not told the true aims of the study and therefore cannot give informed consent
43
Informed consent
Participants must be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research to be given an informed decision
44
Privacy
A persons right to control the flow of information about themselves
45
Protection from mental and physical harm
Should not experience more harm than they would in the real world
46
Right to withdraw
Participants can stop participating at any time for any reason with no consequences
47
Presumptive consent
If a group of participants agreed knowing the true aim and all of the information it is presumed that all groups would consent

psychology- year 1 (1 decks)

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