psychology quiz Flashcards
Applied research
research intended to solve practical problems
Psychology
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Basic research
research done to increase the scientific knowledge
Introspection
describing one’s conscious experience
ID
Instincts, motives, desires.
Super Ego
based on morality ex. Culture, experience
Ego
What makes our decisions based on the ID and superego
Structuralism
Study of the structure of the conscious experience ( How the brain works) .. 1st school of thought
Functionalism
Study of the function of consciousness (why the brain works)
Behaviorism:
The study of observable behavior (most dominant school of thought)
Gestalt Psychology:
Psychological perspective that emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes ( The whole is different than the sum of its parts)
Gestalt psychology has _ parts
3 parts
gesalt psychology parts
Law of closure - objects that are grouped together but seen as one
Law of pragnanz - when the brain sees something in the simplest form
Law of similarities
Psychoanalysis:
a theory that states that abnormal behavior is related to unconscious drives and conflicts (psychoanalysis is also talking therapy that relied on personal observations and reflections instead of lab experiments)
Classical conditioning:
is a way of learning where a neutral stimulus (something that doesn’t normally trigger a response) gets paired with a stimulus that naturally causes a response.
Operant conditioning:
a way of learning where behavior is influenced by rewards or punishments
Positive reinforcement
add or give you something that will increase behavior
Reinforcement
to increase a particular behavior
Negative reinforcement
remove something unpleasant that will increase your good behavior
Punishment
to decrease behavior
positive punishment
adding something to decrease behavior
Negative punishment
- removing something to decrease behavior
Abc’s of behavior
A = antecedent
B-Behavior
C- Consequence
Humanistic psychology
the study of conscious experience,
the individual’s freedom to choose,and the capacity for personal growth.
William Wundt
-Father of psychology
-Founder of modern psychology
-Opened the first psychology lab
-Attempted to understand human consciousness using a process called introspection
Edward.B.Titchener
-Founder of structuralism
-Stressed psychology as a descriptive science
-Studied the structural element of consciousness
William James
-First american psychologist
-author of the first psychology textbook
-Disagreed with the structural approach
-Founder of functionalism
Sigmund Freud
-Founder of psychoanalysis
-Used personal observations and reflection (not scientific)
-Focused on the unconscious mind
Ivan Pavlov
-Discovered classical conditioning
-Emphasized the study of observable behavior
-Experimented with dogs
-Focuses on involuntary automatic behaviors
John B.Watson
-Founder of behaviorism
-Emphasized objective and scientific methodology
-Believed that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors not mental process (Classical conditioning)
B.F.Skinner
-Emphasized conscious experience
-Believed that the human is different from the sum of all the parts
-Behavioral psychologist
-Focused on strengthening or weakening behaviors
-Discovered operant conditioning
Abraham Maslow
-Humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, with self actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs.
what did abraham maslaw do
-Focused on the study of conscious experience, the individual freedom to choose and the capacity for personal growth.
-Stressed the conscious experience and free will
-Believed that Healthy individuals should strive to reach their full potential.
-Rejected the idea that behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments.
Carl rogers
Humanist who developed client centered therapy and stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, empathy in fostering human growth.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
-Psychological ( need to eat breath sleep)
-Safety (earn money , build resources)
-Social( love, belonging, family and friends)
-Self esteem ( self confidence,respect from our peers)
-Self actualization (to become the most complete and authentic version of ourselves)
Jean piaget
-Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology
-introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to be a better understanding of children’s thought process
- Was interested in how thinking develops
- Believed younger children thought differently than older children
