psychology paper 3 Flashcards
plan a 16 marker for gender bias
A01: define gender bias with universality, alpha and beta
A01: describe androcentrism with the two pieces of research
A03: consequence is it reinforces stereotypes by framing differences as biologically predetermined + however its supported by research about the social stereotype
A03: consequence is it may create misleading assumptions about female behaviour
A03: consequence is many modern researchers are noticing affects of their bias
plan a 16 marker for cultural bias
A01: define cultural bias, WEIRD and cultural relativism with e.g.
A01: define ethnocentrism with examples
A03: consequence is it creates prejudice against certain groups of people, US army in WW2
A03: way to deal with it is to recognise when it occurs, textbooks studied American, European, rest of world
A03: limitation is many of most influential studies are culturally biased + however rise of globalisation in the media has caused arguments that divide no longer applies
plan a 16 marker for free will and determinism
A01: define determinism and all the different types with e.g.
A01: explain free will and scientific determinism
A03: issue with determinism is its not consistent with legal system providing excuses
A03: strength of determinism is its consistent with aims of science, real world application
A03: evidence against free will of neurological studies, time on clock and finger pressing + however doesn’t mean people don’t have free will
plan a 16 marker on the nature vs nurture debate
A01: define natura and nurture with examples and how to measure them
A01: explain interactionist approach with diathesis stress model and epigenetics and e.g.
A03: strength of this research is use of adoption studies separating influences + however research suggest nature and nurture go hand in hand
A03: strength is support for epigenetics from WW2 events
A03: strength of real world application with OCD
plan a 16 marker for holism and reductionism
A01: define holism with examples and reductionism with different levels
A01: explain types of reductionism and examples
A03: limitation of holistic is lack of practical value due to being complex + however not the case for reductionist
A03: strength of reductionist is it often aligns with scientific approaches as its well controlled
A03: limitation of reductionist is some behaviours can only be understood as higher level
plan a 16 marker on the idiographic and nomothetic approach
A01: define idiographic and nomothetic
A01: explain all the applications of idiographic and nomothetic with objective and subjective
A03: strength is its complete account with ideographic depth + however involves narrow and restricted work
A03: strength of nomothetic is its scientific credibility
A03: weakness of nomothetic is losing the person as focus on general laws too much
plan a 16 marker on ethical applications
A01: define ethical guidelines and implications with socially sensitive research
A01: explain ethical implications in research studies and theories
A03: socially sensitive research can promote understanding and reduce prejudice as focuses on underrepresented groups and controversial issues
A03: limitation is poor research design may lead to incorrect findings and have an impact 11+
A03: limitation is ethical guidelines often fail to address broader ethical concerns
explain sieber and Stanley’s 4 considerations in research where ethical issues where social consequences may occur
- research question
- methodology used
- institutional context
- interpretation and application of findings
plan a 16 marker on the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia
A01: explain the positive and negative symptoms with e.g.
A01: brief explanation about diagnosis and classification
diagnosis evaluation:
A03: strength of reliability meaning its consistent
A03: limitation of validity meaning its not accurate
A03: limitation of co- morbidity with other conditions
A03: limitation of gender bias with more men diagnosed
A03: limitation of culture bias with different symptom meaning
A03: limitation of symptom overlap with other conditions
plan a 16 marker for biological explanations for schizophrenia
A01: explain family studies and candidate genes
A01: describe neural correlates of schizophrenia and the original/ updated version of the dopamine hypothesis
A03: strength of genetic explanation is evidence from family studies + however research shows environmental factors also increase risks of developing schizophrenia
A03: supporting research that dopamine us involved in symptoms of schizophrenia + however strong evidence against this with antipsychotic drugs not reducing symptoms
plan a 16 marker on psychological explanations for schizophrenia, family dysfunction
A01: explain the schizophrenogenic mother
A01: discuss double- bind theory
A01: describe expressed emotion
A03: supporting evidence of adults with schizophrenia more likely to have insecure attachment with dose effect + additionally more evidence found people with schizophrenia type illness had at least one childhood disorder
A03: supporting research of findings of adoptees and mothers with schizophrenia + additionally links to nature- nurture as schizophrenia can be developed from biological and environmental factors
plan a 16 marker on psychological explanations for schizophrenia, cognitive explanations
A01: describe cognitive explanations and explain the Stroop effect
A01: explain two kinds of dysfunctional thought processing; central control and metarepresentation
A03: supporting research from Stirling’s findings on Stroop test + however doesn’t explain the origin of symptoms
A03: supporting evidence of how dysfunctional thought processes contribute to symptoms + however doesn’t address root biological factors
A03: usefulness of the practical real- world application.
plan a 16 marker on biological therapies for schizophrenia
A01: explain typical antipsychotics
A01: explain atypical antipsychotics
A03: supporting research on effectiveness of typical antipsychotics compare to placebo + furthermore this study is methodologically sounds including broad sample of men and women + additionally Meltzer’s review on benefits of atypical antipsychotics
A03: limitation is the likelihood of side effects from both typical and atypical antipsychotics
name two factors when evaluation biological therapies
- appropriateness; side effects and ethical issues
- effectiveness; research evidence
plan a 16 marker on CBTp
A01: describe CBTp and how it helps with a case study example
A03: strength of evidence of effectiveness from a review of studies + however limited due to small effect and each study of CBTp and symptoms varied
A03: limited as it only improves life but doesn’t actually cure symptoms
