psychology paper 2

Question 1

outline oral stage of psychosexual stages

Answer 1

stage 1
0-1 years
– focus of pleasure is the mouth and the mother’s breast is the focus of desire

Question 2

outline anal stage of psychosexual stages

Answer 2

stage 2
(1–3yrs) – focus of pleasure is the anus and child focuses on withholding and expelling faeces

Question 3

outline phallic stage of psychosexual stages

Answer 3

stage 3
(3–5yrs) – focus of pleasure is genitals and children experience the Oedipus/Electra complex

Question 4

outline latency stage of psychosexual stages

Answer 4

stage 4
6–12yrs) – previous conflicts are resolved/repressed and early years are largely forgotten

Question 5

outline genital stage of psychosexual stages

Answer 5

stage 5
(12yrs/puberty-adulthood) – sexual desires become conscious with the onset of puberty

Question 6

what 4 processes are involved in the social learning theory

Answer 6

observational learning
imitation
modelling
identification
vicarious reinforcement

Question 7

explain the mediational processes

Answer 7

Attention- how much people notice
retention-how much the remember ( could be strengthened through repetition
reproduction- the active behavoirs being modelled can be reproduced
motivation-how willing they are (whether there are any rewards)

Question 8

whats supporting evidence for conditions of worth

Answer 8

teenagers that feel they have to gain approval from their parents often end up disliking themselves, they have a poor self concept and try to be someone other than themselves

Question 9

a weakness of humanistic psychology

Answer 9

culturally biased
focus on the self and notion of congurence imply that aspects such as individual freedom, autonomy and personal growth are desirable qualities in humans- these represent an individualist culture and not a collectivist culture where community is more important.

Question 10

what is a practical application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

a study linked countries development with measures of maslows heirachy
in 88 countries over a 34 year period
countries where inhabitants needs were based round lower level needs such as access to food had lower levels of economic development and the opposite for highly economically developed countries

Question 11

what are fmris

Answer 11

brain scanning technique that measures blood flow in the brain when a person performs a task
neurons that are more active- will use the most oxygen
once the oxygen is used it becomes deoxygenated
the more deoxygenated the blood is the more active that area of the brain is

Question 12

what do fmris show

Answer 12

they show the localisation of function within a particular area of the brain but do not show the communication that takes place among different areas of the brain

Question 13

whats an electroencephalogram

Answer 13

works on the premise that information is processed in the brain as electrical activity in the form of action potentials or nerve impulses
eeg scanners measure electrical activity by electrodes that are attatched to the scalp
small electrical charges detected by the electrodes are graphed overtime

Question 14

what 2 patterns does an eeg recognise

Answer 14

synchronised (alpha,beta,delta and theta)
desynchronised pattern- when no pattern can be detected

Question 15

what are eegs useful for

Answer 15

can detect sleeping disorders and alzhemiers

Question 16

what are event related potentials

Answer 16

attatch electrodes to the scalp
a stimulus is presented to the participant the researcher looks at activity that is related to that stimulus
the stimulus is presented many times and an average response is graphed

Question 17

what are post mortem examinations

Answer 17

investigate the structure of a brian after death- any abnormalities that may have caused unusual behavoir that was shown in their lifetime
this was used in brocas tan study

Question 18

what is spatial resolution

Answer 18

the smallest feature that a scanner can detect, greater spatial resolution means more accurate

Question 19

whats the spatial relation like in fmris compares to eegs and erps

Answer 19

fmri- good 1-2mm
eegs/erps- poor

Question 20

what is temporal resolution

Answer 20

the accuracy of the scanner in relation to time

Question 21

what is temporal resolution like in fmri compared to eegs and erps

Answer 21

fmri- poor temporal resolution 1-4 seconds
eegs/erps-good every millisecond

Question 22

limitation of eegs and erps

Answer 22

could be uncomfortable as electrodes are attatched to the scalp

Question 23

are fmris invasive

Answer 23

no as they are virtually risk free, this will allow more patients to partake in this leading to more research

Question 24

and eegs and erps invasive

Answer 24

non- invasive and virtually risk free
further data for psychologists

Question 25

are post mortem examinations invasive?

Answer 25

they are but the patient is no longer alive, however there are multiple ethical issues as whether or not a patient gave consent before death
normally carried out on people with severe psychological deficiets so would be unable to give fully informed consent

Question 26

can causation be determined in fmris

Answer 26

no as it measures blood flow, so psychologists are unable to conclude

Question 27

can causation be determined in eegs

Answer 27

activity is often detected in many regions so can be difficult to determine the exact area

Question 28

can causation be determined in erps

Answer 28

yes they provide a specific measurement of neural processes in response to specific experimental manipulation

Question 29

can causation be determined in post mortem examinations

Answer 29

the deficiet a patient displays during their lifetime may not be linked to the deficiets found in the brain. this could be due to another illlness