Psychology, Misc. Flashcards
define the following defense mechanisms:
Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Denial: A patient refuses to admit they have an alcohol problem, despite being unable to go a single day without drinking excessively
Displacement: During lunch at a restaurant, a patient is angry at their sibling, but doesn’t express it and instead shouts at the server
Projection: A patient cheats on their significant other, while calling their partner the unfaithful one
Rationalization: A student fails a test because they didn’t study for it but tells friends they failed because the test was mostly trick questions
Reaction Formation: A patient is angry at their roommate for always paying the rent late but tells friends that the roommate is “nice” and ”a great person”
Regression: After failing a class, a student spends all day in bed in their pajamas, hugging a favorite childhood toy
Repression: A patient can’t remember their parent’s stroke, despite being there when it happened
Sublimation: A parent’s desire for revenge against the drunk driver who killed their child is channeled into starting a support group for people who’ve lost loved ones to drunk driving
define transference (psychology)
Definition: Occurs when patients unconsciously “transfer” feelings about important people from their early life onto the physician
Example: A patient has difficulty working with their psychiatrist who shares many characteristics of an overly critical and demanding parent.
define counter-transference (psychology)
Definition: Occurs when the physician transfers feelings from their early life onto the patient. Often used more broadly to denote any feelings physicians have about their patients.
Example: A doctor orders extra tests and spends extra time, at the expense of their other patients, with a patient who reminds them of their own grandparents.
transference vs counter-transference (psychology)
transference: Occurs when patients unconsciously “transfer” feelings about important people from their early life onto the physician
counter-transference: Occurs when the physician transfers feelings from their early life onto the patient. Often used more broadly to denote any feelings physicians have about their patients.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological systems theory
• Microsystems: direct relationships and interactions children have with caregivers, siblings, peers
• The microsystem contains structures in which child interacts- school, neighborhood, childcare settings, family
• Children both influence and are influenced by these relationships and structures
• Mesosystem: interactions among the structures in the microsystem (bidirectional influences between neighborhoods and schools)
• Exosystem consists of larger social systems that impact structures in the microsystem- local politics, social welfare services, parent’s workplace, mass media
• Macrosystem- laws, cultural values, costumes, economic system
• Chronosystem captures the influence of time on child’s development
Gesell’s Maturational Theory of Development
• Child development occurs in a similar and predictable
sequence; age is a primary driver
• Development occurs systematically (cephalo-caudal;
proximal-distal)
Basis for developmental milestones
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 2 months?
motor: holds head up, pushes up while prone
social: smiles at people
communication: sounds other than crying
cognitive: watches you move
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 4 months?
motor: holds head steady
social: chuckles
communication: coos
cognitive: looks at hand
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 6 months?
motor: leans on hands to support while sitting
social: knows familiar faces
communication: responds to sound with sound
cognitive: brings objects to mouth
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 9 months?
motor: crawls
social: afraid of strangers
communication: lifts arms to be picked up
cognitive: watches path of something falling
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 12 months?
motor: some walking
social: plays games like patty cake
communication: “mama,” “dada,” simple gestures
cognitive: object permanence
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 1.5 years?
motor: may walk up steps
social: points to show interest
communication: says a few words
cognitive: copies you doing simple chores
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 2 years?
motor: kick a ball
social: plays beside other children
communication: two-word phrases
cognitive: follows simple 2-step directions
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 3 years?
motor: pedals a tricycle
social: takes turns
communication: can mostly be understood
cognitive: copies a circle
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 4 years?
motor: alternate feet going down stairs
social: cooperative play
communication: first and last name, can understand what they’re saying
cognitive: names some colors
what are the motor, social, communication, and cognitive milestones at 5 years?
motor: hops, skips
social: does simple chores
communication: tells simple story with complete sentences
cognitive: counts to 10
Your patient presents for well child care. When you walk in the room you see him lift up his arms to be picked up by his mother. He seems to be afraid of you and during your exam he begins to crawl away from you.
A. 5 months old
B. 9 months old
C. 12 months old
D. 18 months old
B. 9 months old
Your patient presents for well child care. When you walk in she points to your badge and looks back at her dad. Her dad reports that she is beginning to copy him when he does simple chores like sweeping. She does not follow 2-step commands yet. Please estimate the child’s age based on these milestones. Which of the following skills would you also expect to observe?
A. Says ≥ 3 words plus mama and dada
B. Pedals a tricycle
C. Uses complete sentences
D. Tells simple stories
A. Says ≥ 3 words plus mama and dada
~1.5 years old
describe the Psychosocial Developmental Theory
Derived from Psychosexual Developmental Theory - 8 stages of development each with a central task:
0-18mo: trust vs mistrust (separation, sleep)
18mo-3yr: autonomy vs shame (toileting, dressing self)
3-6yr: initiative vs guilt (exploration, art, test limits)
6-11yr: industry vs inferiority (academics, sports)
adolescence: identity vs confusion (social relations)
young adulthood: intimacy vs isolation (romantic relations)
adulthood: generativity vs stagnation (work, parenthood)
old age: integrity vs despair (self reflection)
describe the Cognitive Development Theory
Children learn from active interaction with the environment and are fundamentally different than adults
0-2yr: sensorimotor (object permanence)
2-7yr: preoperational (animism, transductive reasoning)
7-11yr: concrete operational (number, linear time, can see another’s perspective)
12+yr: formal operations (abstract thoughts, inductive reasoning)
what are the four phases of attachment (John Bowlby)?
First phase (Birth- 2-3months) infant elicits caregiving behavior and responds equally to caregiving regardless of the person who provides it
Second phase (4-6 months) infant orients and signals to one or more discriminated individuals- during this period the infant learns to respond in avoidant or resistant ways as a response to parental behaviors that are not responsive to their needs.
Third phase (6-9 months): infant consolidates attachment to specific caregivers and maintains proximity to those caregivers by locomotion and signals. The caregiver is not understood as an agent with behaviors and goals that are independent of the infant
Fourth phase: goal directed partnership. Around 4 years old children require less physical proximity and contact with their attachment figures to maintain a sense of security
when does object permanence develop? what else happens at this age?
~12 months - takes some steps unassisted, plays simple games, says mama/papa + gestures
Which of the following statements is true regarding intellectual disability (ID)?
A. The prevalence of fragile X syndrome in females with ID is approximately twice that of males
B. Prevalence in the community is 4-5%
C. 22q11 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome) is the most common genetic cause of ID
D. The most common nongenetic prenatal cause of ID is lead poisoning
E. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is recommended as first-line test for most patients with ID
E. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is recommended as first-line test for most patients with ID
504 plan vs IEP
504 Plan: Examples of supports include chapter summaries, shorter assignments, computer for written work, preferential seating, visual aids, extra time for transitions, additional time on assignments/tests
IEP (Individualized Education Program): Examples of supports include speech therapy, occupational therapy, resource room, special needs classroom, out of district placement, psychological services; Process includes requesting an evaluation, child being evaluated, meetings between all parties, services provided, annual follow-up meetings, and re-evaluation of child every 3 years
