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AP Psychology > Psychology Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Psychology Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the 4 goals of Psychology.

A

Description, Explanation, Prediction, and Influence

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2
Q

What is Explanation?

A

Psychologists explain why people behave the way they do.

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3
Q

What is Prediction?

A

Psychologists predict what organisms will do.

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4
Q

What is Influence?

A

Psychologists try to influence behavior.

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5
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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6
Q

Who is the father of psychology in the United States?

A

Edward Bradford Titchner

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7
Q

Define cognition.

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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8
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized

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9
Q

All psychologists agree that the study of behavior must be…

A

credible

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10
Q

Name 4 historical approaches of psychology.

A

STRUCTURALISM FUNCTIONALISM INHEIRITABLE TRAITS GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

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11
Q

What is structuralism?

A

the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences

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12
Q

What is functionalism?

A

study of the function of conciousness

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13
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

how sensations are assembled into perpetual experiences

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14
Q

What is psychoanalytic psychology?

A

Study of how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feeling, and thoughts

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15
Q

What are the 6 contemporary approaches of psychology?

A

PSYCHOANALYTIC BEHAVIORAL HUMANISTIC COGNITIVE BIOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL

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16
Q

What is behavioral psychology?

A

Analyzing of how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment

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17
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

Belief that each person had freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth

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18
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Study of how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior

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19
Q

What is biological psychology?

A

Study of how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior

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20
Q

What is sociocultural psychology?

A

Study of the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning

21
Q

What is psychology?

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

22
Q

What are community psychologists?

A

Psychologists that work in a mental health or social welfare agency

23
Q

What are experimental psychologists?

A

Psychologists who study sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and/or emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions

24
Q

What are clinical psychologists?

A

Psychologists who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

25
Q

What are educational psychologists?

A

A psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn

26
Q

What are developmental psychologists?

A

Psychologists who study the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures

27
Q

What is sample?

A

A relatively small group out of the total population

28
Q

What are the methods of research?

A

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION CASE STUDIES SURVEYS LONGITUDINAL STUDIES CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES CORRELATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS EXPERIMENTS ETHICAL ISSUES

29
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

an assumption or prediction about behavior or an educated guess about the relationship between two variables

30
Q

What is a control group?

A

a group of participants that is treated in the same way as the experimental group but the experimental treatment is not applied

31
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

a belief, prediction, or expectation that operated to bring about its own fulfillment

32
Q

How do you avoid a self-fufilling prophecy?

A

Double-blind technique or a single blind experiment

33
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

a change in a participants illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than from the actual treatment

34
Q

What is a histogram?

A

a graph similar to a bar graph except that histogram a shoe frequency distribution by means of rectangles

35
Q

What is a normal curve?

A

a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve a graph of normally distributed data

36
Q

What is the mode?

A

Mode occurs the most! (Mark Podowski: most most most)

37
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance

38
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

the branch of psychology that studies emotional, physical, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur throughout an individual’s life cycles

39
Q

Describe two reflex capacities of newborns.

A

grasping reflex and rooting reflex

40
Q

What is maturation?

A

the internally programmed growth of a child

41
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear

42
Q

Explain nature v nurture.

A

Nature vs nurture asks whether thoughts and behaviors are inborn or a result of a child’s environment

43
Q

What is the average length of an infant at birth?

A

18 to 22 inches

44
Q

What is generavity?

A

desire in middle age to use one’s accumulated wisdom to guide future generations

45
Q

What is stagnation?

A

a discontinuation of development and a desire to recapture the past, characteristic of some middle-aged people

46
Q

What is menopause?

A

the biological event in which a woman’s production of sex hormones is sharply reduced

47
Q

What is empty nest syndrome?

A

the event where the last child leaves home and the mother is sad

48
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

49
Q

What are neurons?

A

the long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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