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Psychology 3/4 > Psychology Key science skills > Flashcards

Psychology Key science skills Flashcards

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1
Q

**

The scientific method

A

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

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2
Q

Independant variable (IV)

A

The variable that the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment

affects the DV

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3
Q

Dependant variable (DV)

A

the variable the researcher
measures in an experiment
for changes it may
experience due to the
effect of the independent
variable

want to know how it is affectedf by the IV

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4
Q

Classification and Identification

A

Classification: The process of arrangement of objects or events into manageable sets

Identification: The process of recognition of objects or events as a part of a certain set

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5
Q

Sample vs Population

A

Population: Entire group of people with whom the study is concerned with (e.g. Australian adults)

Sample: A part of the population which is studied to obtain information about the general population

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6
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Using a sample of people who are readily available to participate

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7
Q

Random Sampling

A

Using a sample where each member has an equal chance of being selected

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8
Q

Stratified Sampling vs Stratified Random Sampling

A

Stratified Sampling: Population is divided into relevant subgroups/strata, sample is composed of equal proportions of each stratum

Stratified Random Sampling: Population is divided into relevant subgroups/strata, sample is randomly selected from each stratum in the same proportions as occurs in the population

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9
Q

Random Allocation

A

Allocating participants to experimental groups or conditions using random techniques

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10
Q

Control Condition/Group

A

The group which is not exposed to the manipulated IV, and is used as a baseline for comparing impacts of IV

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11
Q

Between Subjects Design

A

A research design where each participant is assigned to a different group

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12
Q

Within Subjects Design

A

Participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable

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13
Q

Mixed Design

A

An experimental design that combines within-subjects and between-subjects methods of data collection

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14
Q

Matched Participant Design

A

There are separate groups, but the members in each group are matched on relevant characteristics

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15
Q

Order Effects

A

A variable which arises from the order in which participants are exposed to IVs

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16
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A method of minimising order effects, through exposing participants to multiple orders of different IVs

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17
Q

Experimental Study

A

A study in which IVs are manipulated by the researcher, all extraneous variables are minimised and controlled, and a group undergoes the control (non-IV) condition, in order to measure the impact of IV on DV for a randomly allocated sample

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18
Q

Case Study

A

An investigation in which an individual or small group of people is studied in-depth for a long period of time

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19
Q

Correlational Study

A

An investigation which studies the relationship between two variables

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20
Q

Fieldwork

A

A type of study where research and observations are conducted in the real-life environment which concerns the topic of the study

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21
Q

Literature Review

A

A thorough search through previously published studies relevant to a particular topic

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22
Q

Modelling

A

Involves the construction of a representation of an object or system which helps people understand the object/system easier

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23
Q

Simulational Study

A

A study which revolves around a realistic simulation of a certain environment that is easier to control variables in

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24
Q

Accuracy vs. Precision

A

Accuracy: Relates to how close a value measured in an experiment is to the real value

Precision: Relates to how closely a set of values agree with each other

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25
Q

Repeatability vs. Reproducibility

A

Repeatability: The degree to which specific research studies obtain similar results when reconducted

Reproducibility: The extent to which a study obtains similar results when conducted by a different researcher

26
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which an experiment accurately measures what it intends to

27
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the results of an experiment apply to the real-world population outside of the experiment

28
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

The extent to which different measures of the same characteristic agree with each other

29
Q

Predictive Validity

A

The extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

30
Q

Generalisability

A

The extent to which results of an experiment can be made universal for the entirety of the concerned population

the critieria:
1. Results must be statistically significant
2. Results must be highly internally valid
3. If correlations are measured then study must be controlled experiment
4. Sample is representative of population
5. Results are reproducible

31
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Numerical data

32
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Data which describes characteristics

33
Q

Objective Data

A

Data which comes from a standardised measurement

34
Q

Subjective Data

A

Data which is based on an opinion

35
Q

Primary Data

A

Data which is directly collected by the researcher

36
Q

Secondary Data

A

Data from previously conducted research used in an experiment

37
Q

Standard Deviation of Data

A

The average difference of data points from the mean

38
Q

Personal Errors

A

Errors which are due to mistakes, miscalculations and observer errors occurring during research, should not be included in reporting and analysis of data

39
Q

Random Errors

A

Errors which are due to unpredictable variations in experimental conditions, affect the precision of an experiment

40
Q

Systematic Errors

A

Errors that occur because of consistent and predictable factors, affect the accuracy of an experiment

41
Q

Uncertainty

A

The extent of how much a measured value or outcome differs from that of the true value

42
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of results in a research study

43
Q

Outliers

A

Extreme values that don’t appear to belong with the rest of the data

44
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

External variables outside of the IV which may impact the DV, but can be controlled

45
Q

Confounding Variables

A

A form of extraneous variable which is inseparable from the DV, and is hard to control

46
Q

Continuous Variable

A

A quantitative variable which is a non-countable value

47
Q

Discrete Variable

A

A quantitative variable which is countable

48
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

The tendency for participants to give untruthful responses in a study in order to seem socially acceptable

49
Q

Artificiality

A

The extent to which experimental conditions seem unnatural

50
Q

Ethics

A

The moral principles which guide the conducting of an experiment

51
Q

Beneficence

A

The ethical concept of ensuring that benefits in an experiment are maximised

52
Q

Integrity

A

The ethical conept of ensuring that there is full honesty between the researcher and participants in an experiment, and that the published outcomes of an experiment are truthful

53
Q

Justice

A

The ethical conept of ensuring that everyone in the experiment is treated fairly and equally, and no discrimination, direct or indirect, occurs in the experiment

54
Q

Non-maleficence

A

The ethical conept of ensuring that harms in an experiment are minimised and prevented

55
Q

Respect

A

The ethical concept of ensuring that everyone in the experiment is treated humanely with consideration for their personal beliefs , values and rights

56
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Rules which ensure responsible conduct of an experiment, influenced by the five ethical concepts

57
Q

Confidentiality

A

The ethical guideline which ensures the privacy and protection of participants in an experiment

58
Q

Debriefing

A

The ethical guideline which ensures that all participants are made aware of the purpose of the experiment after it has been conducted

59
Q

Informed Consent

A

The ethical guideline which ensures that participants’ right to give formal consent is respected

60
Q

Voluntary Participation

A

The ethical guideline which ensures that all participation in the experiment is voluntary and not forced by the experimenter

61
Q

Withdrawal Rights

A

The ethical guideline which ensures that all participants are guaranteed the right to withdraw from the experiment whenever, for whatever reason

Psychology 3/4 (7 decks)

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