Psychology in Society Flashcards
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The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stress process refers to
1) The appraisal of our ability to cope in a stressful situation.
2) The way the human body normally reacts to stressful situations.
3) The contextualisation of the stress process.
4) All of the above.
2) The way the human body normally reacts to stressful situations.
During which phase of the GAS stress process does a person become physically ill due to prolonged exposure to a stressor?
1) The exhaustion phase.
2) The alarm and mobilisation phase.
3) The resistance phase.
4. The reaction phase.
1) The exhaustion phase.
During dinner, your father explains that his job is stressful. However, he does not understand why his colleague, who does the same job, thinks otherwise. As a psychology student, you explain to him that
1) People use different coping strategies.
2) What one person sees as a personal ever, another sees as a micro event.
3) Whether or not somebody sees an event as threatening or challenging depends on their personality.
4) All of the above.
4) All of the above.
All options describe the appraisal of stress.
Which of the following options about burnout is incorrect?
1) Burnout arises from prolonged exposure to stress.
2) Feelings of alienation, of being emotionally drained and empty are common.
3) The development of burnout is rapid and easy to identify.
4) Burnout is associated with decreased level of performance.
3) The development of burnout is rapid and easy to identify.
The phenomenon of burnout takes years to develop and is not easy to identify.
The most correct statement regarding the relationship between stress and disease is that…
1) Stress is a direct cause of disease.
2) Acute stress acts as a catalyst for disease.
3) Chronic stress acts as catalyst for disease.
4) People react in a uniform manner to stress.
3) Chronic stress acts as catalyst for disease.
Response specificity refers to…
1) the unique way individuals respond to stress that adversely affects their health.
2) the tendency of some individuals to respond to stress repeatedly.
3) the learned behaviours of individuals that live in adverse conditions for a prolonged period.
4) the increased level of sexual arousal experienced in the presence of specific stimuli.
1) the unique way individuals respond to stress that adversely affects their health.
Xenophobic attacks in South Africa have caused some people to live in fear. As a result, many foreign people have lost their homes and valuables. This is an example of a ______ stressor.
1) personal
2) universal
3) community
4) micro
2) universal
Which theory states that motivated behavior is mainly focused on reducing bodily tension?
1) Psychoanalytic theory
2) Homeostasis theory
3) Optimum arousal theory
4) Cognitive theory
2) Homeostasis theory
Motivated behavior can be defined as…
1) a state of tension brought on by biological needs.
2) an action that is chosen deliberately and with a clear purpose.
3) a specific inborn behavioral pattern
4) perceptions and feelings about your environment
2) an action that is chosen deliberately and with a clear purpose.
Mr Chen came home from work one evening dripping wet since it was raining, and he felt cold. When he got home, he realised that he did not have enough food to eat. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which needs should Mr Cooper fulfil in this regard?
Physiological needs
According to which theory is people’s behavior largely motivated by unconscious factors?
Psychoanalytic
When employees are constantly threatened with losing their jobs they fail to develop self esteem and dignity at work. This relates to
Absence of security
Union members are striking for higher wages. Amongst these members, there is a strong identification with the union because they are working towards a common goal. This is an example of group
Cohesion
relates to identification with group, as members work towards a common goal. Relates to strength of relationship among members and how they tend to defend the group against any threat or criticism.
According to Freud, instincts have a source, a goal, an object, and an impetus. Which of the following statements relates to an impetus that informs an instinct.
1) The intensity or driving force that determines behavior
2) The part of the body where biological stimulation occurs.
3) The experience of satisfaction that results from the reduction or removal of the biological stimulation
4) Anything that mediates the reduction of the biological stimulation and offers psychological gratification
1) The intensity or driving force that determines behavior
It’s the driving force that determines behavior.
Social categorisation can be describes as the process of
Grouping individuals on the basis of their similarities and differences on some characteristics.
Explain the concept of social stereotyping
Thinking in an oversimplified and biased manner about members of the out-group.
James argues that illiterate people are responsible for their own unemployment. As the group discussion progresses, James gathers more evidence to support his position and eventually, he believes that unemployed people are illiterate because they are lazy and therefore, do not want to work. This is an example of
Group polarisation.
You can see James views became more extreme during the discussion.
What are the 3 main limitations of the GAS model?
- GAS describes process of stress in general terms only.
- GAS does not explain how something becomes a stressor.
- GAS does not consider the context of coping behavior.
Describe the Contextual model of stress.
This model takes the context of stress into account.
By describing the process of stress we need to consider the context in which the stress occurs and also our evaluation of the situation.
We perceive events in context and reactions as such.
Explains why not everyone is stressed the same way and by the same thing. Ie. I may get very stressed if i see a dog and you may not be stressed by a dog.
What are the 4 assumptions of the Contextual Model of Stress?
- Event does not have universal meaning. Persons perception very important.
- Communities share beliefs and meanings.
- When ever is perceived as +/- the community assigns the value. + life enriching. - life threatening.
- Events gain meaning through perception.
What are the 5 phases of the Contextual Model of Stress?
Phase 1: Encounter potential stressors Phase 2: Performing a primary appraisal Phase 3: Experience stress Phase 4: Performing a secondary appraisal Phase 5: Apply coping strategies
What is stress?
Stress is recognised as an emotional response to the circumstances & events that threaten us and challenge our coping abilities. Physiological response to physical and psychological demands. Characteristic process develops over time.
According to Lundberg and Peterson, personal meaning in understanding work has the following 3 dimensions;
Work centrality, social norms, and valued work goals.
When women are not allowed to hold high positions in society, this is an example of -
Patriachal ideology. Which also means women are regarded as lower status than men.
What role does privacy play in our lives?
Privacy establishes boundaries between us and others this creates space. It enables us to control how much others know about us. It also allows us the opportunity for self reflection.
The manner in which elements of a group interact refers to ________ ?
Group structure.
The shift towards self-agency and greater self reliance reflects a change in work ethic. Explain further
Yes, it reflects a change from mechanistic ethic to and ethic of self development
Which theory postulates that people are motivated by their personalities, dispositions and values to work?
Need fulfilment.
The notion that human systems function like living organisms, which change and evolve dynamically, led to the development of the ____________
Post-industrial ethics.
Which theoretical approach takes into consideration the effect of violence on the individual, group, community, and social level?
Ecological approach
A number of factors determine aggressive behaviour in people. Aggression in interpersonal relationships depends on…
a) whether the feelings produced by frustration are negative
b) whether aggressive cues are present in the situation
c) the frequency with which people come in to contact
d) a + b
d) a + b
a) whether the feelings produced by frustration are negative
b) whether aggressive cues are present in the situation
What are the 4 factors identified by Gazziniga & Heatherton of affiliate relationships?
Proximity & familiarity
Similarity & Complementarity
Personal Attraction
Communication
One of the factors of interpersonal attraction is complementarity. Describe further.
People that have similar attitudes, personality traits, and demographics tend to like eachother.
What do concepts of privacy, territoriality, personal space and crowding have in common? All four concepts
characterise?
The social aspects of an environment. ie as a social system.
Michael acted aggressively when others frustrated his goals. This is an example of attaining violent behavior through the ____________ approach.
frustration - aggression
These approaches explain violence as the outcome of frustration. When people are frustrated they become angry and anger leads to violent acts, especially if the frustration occurs in contexts that have previously been associated with violence.
The organismic worldview encouraged freedom and led to a __________ ethic.
post-industrial
The shift from people as machines to people as living, evolving systems is a shift from
dependency to autonomy. It is a shift towards self-agency and greater self reliance. But it means it’s also a change in work ethic.
Mechanistic ethic to self-development ethic.
