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psychology follow up Flashcards

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1
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay for all senses except for smell

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hunger, thirst, aggression, motivation, sexual behvaior

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

Physical coordination, estimating time, paying attention

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4
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

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5
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotions/olfactory

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6
Q

Medulla

A

Regulation of heart beat & respiration

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7
Q

ERP

A

Event Related Potential

Picking up electrical currents from EEG’s on scalp; crime scene recognition

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8
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography

Traces of glucose in blood; trace amounts in brain; cognitive impairment

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9
Q

fMRI

A

(functioning) Magnetic Resonance Imaging

bombards brain with magnetic frequencies to get hemoglobin off culture; change in blood-flow

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10
Q

CAT

A

Computerized Axial Tomography

x-ray of brain that creates 3D image

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11
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

Detects brain waves through electrodes, measuring current

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12
Q

3 General Steps

A
  • Detect stimuli with sensory apparatus (sensation)
  • Transduction transforms physical energy into neural impulses in receptors
  • Tactile information _ pressure on your skin
  • Chemicals in food – message sent to brain that food is salty
  • Sent to brain & organize (representation) (perception)
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13
Q

Lens

A
  • 20% of focusing
  • Changes shape to process
  • Stiffens with age, distancing linearly
  • When the light passes through the lens it is inverted
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14
Q

ganglion cell

A
  • Convergence: a whole bunch of rods will converge onto a ganglion cell
    • One cone sends a signal to ganglion cell
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15
Q

Papillae

A

small receptors on tongue

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16
Q

Pituitary

A

endorphins to help relieve pain (Placebo still will release endorphins)

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17
Q

cornea

A

80% focusing is done by cornea

light passes through cornea

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18
Q

Attention

A

Shapes in one part of brain

Color in one part of brain

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19
Q

Transduction Taste

A

Occurs when chemical contacts taste cells changing from chemical to neural impulse in brain

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20
Q

Parietal

A
  • sensory information
  • visual information
  • math
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21
Q

Occipital

A
  • visual processing
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22
Q

Temporal

A
  • auditory processing
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23
Q

Frontal

A
  • memory
  • judgement
  • impulse
  • problem solving
  • language
  • social behavior
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24
Q

endorphins

A

pain signal

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25
Q

norepinephrine

A

arousal, awareness

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26
Q

serotonin

A

happiness, pleasure, sleep

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27
Q

ACH

A

movement

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28
Q

GABA

A

Calming

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29
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure

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30
Q

Acetylcholine

A

contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

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31
Q

Pavlov’s Experiments

A

Classical conditioning

dogs and bell; little albert

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32
Q

Tolman & Honzik Experiments

A

Once latent group is reinforced they perform through maze than always fed group and never fed group; suggests that reinforcement affects performance rather than learning

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33
Q

Bandura Experiment

A

Observant Learning
more likely to act aggressively if observing aggression
Attention, Retention, Capability, Motivation

34
Q

Penfield Experiment

A

?

35
Q

Goals of Psychology

A

Describe what is happening→ Case Studies, Naturalistic Observation (room for bias’), Surveys
Explain→ cause and effect relationship (dependent (how the plant grows) and independent (how much water you use) variables )
Predict→ Correlation (positive, negative, zero. Correlation coefficient r=+1 to -1→ strength and direction)
Application→ Change or control

36
Q

zeitgeist

A

“general intellectual, moral, and cultural climate of an era” “spirit of an era” The Zeitgeist (spirit of the age or spirit of the time) is the dominant set of ideals and beliefs that motivate the actions of the members of a society in a particular period in time.

37
Q

Historical Perspectives

A

Structuralism→ Wilhelm Wundt à break conscious experience down into objective sensations (sight or taste), and subjective feelings (emotional responses, will, memories, dreams)
Functionalism – William James à looks at how experiences help us function more adaptively in our environments
Behaviorism – Broadus Watson and Skinner à study of observable behavior
Gestalt Psychology – focuses on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving.

38
Q

Current Perspectives

A

Social-learning (social-cognitive) theory
→ Learning through observation, reinforcement, and punishment
Neo-Freudian theory→ More emphasis on conscious choices
Cognitive→ Mental and Intellectual processes. Observe behavior, not just introspection (Piaget and Binet)
Psychobiological→ Study the interaction between biology and thoughts and behavior
Humanistic→ Emphasizes desires for self-actualization
Sociocultural→ Studies diversity issues

39
Q

What are the principles of critical thinking?

A

Be skeptical
Insist on evidence
Examine definitions of terms
Examine the assumptions or premises of an arguments
Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence
Do NOT over generalize

40
Q

What are the three methods that are used to observe subjects?

A

Case Study – detailed description of a person’s psychological problems and how a psychologist treated these problems
Survey – large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes/behaviors
Naturalistic Observation – observe people in natural habitats (Jane Goodall)

41
Q

What is a limitation of correlational research?

A

correlation does not match causation

42
Q

operationalize a term

A

put a term to use

43
Q

key parts of research with humans

A

Informed consent & debrief

Studies must pass the Institutional Review Board

44
Q

What is Evolutionary Psychology?

A

Idea that traits and behavior are transmitted genetically

45
Q

monozygotic

A

shared egg

46
Q

dizygotic

A

not shared egg

47
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system? Major function of each?

A

central nervous system- brain and spinal cord (motor skills and senses)
peripheral nervous system- nerves and ganglia
Autonomic nervous system: smooth muscles, glandular functions, self regulating activities
Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight (eyes dilate, heart rate increases, inhibits digestion)
Parasympathetic nervous system: opposite of sympathetic nervous system→ relaxes you and reverses the fight or flight reactions
Sensory somatic nervous system: voluntary muscles

48
Q

How do neurons develop over the first 2 years of life?

A

Starts with more synapse than you ever will have for the rest of your life
You are born with all your neurons
Adults can grow new brain cells
Recognition (especially face and language) of self and others occur in first two years

49
Q

What are neural impulses? What happens when a neuron fires?

A

Resting potential
Depolarization
action potential→ sending a message from dendrite through axon to terminal buttons
all-or-none principle→ Fires or no fire.
refractory period).
Sodium Potassium Pump

50
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage? Why is this case important?

A

Brain trauma changed his personality

limbic system was cut off from frontal lobe

51
Q

Frontal lobe

A

memory/language/speech

52
Q

Occipital

A

Sight

53
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

touch/spacial recognition/senses

54
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

55
Q

motor cortex

A

initiate muscular activity

56
Q

somatosensory

A

touch

57
Q

thalamus

A

all senses except smell

58
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger, thirst, aggression, sexual behavior, motivation

59
Q

cerebellum

A

physical coordination, estimating, time, paying attention

60
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

61
Q

amygdala

A

emotions, smell

62
Q

What is the major role of the limbic system

A

sex, hunger, aggression, memory and emotion

63
Q

Left Hemisphere of Brain

A

word recognition memory for words, numbers and positive emotion (analytical picture)

64
Q

Right Hemisphere of Brain

A

Facial recognition, memory for shapes and music, negative emotion (holistic picture)

65
Q

darwin theory

A

natural selection

66
Q

classical conditioning

A

pairs two stimuli

67
Q

operant conditioning

A

pairs behavior and response

68
Q

types of reinforcement

A

primary reinforcers: inherently reinforcing

secondary: stimuli a subject must learn to like (Money, praise ,high GPA)

69
Q

Extinction

A

weakens relationship between behavior and consequence (similar to CS not always pairing with US, baby will stop crying eventually is stop receiving attention)

70
Q

Shaping

A

gradual development of behavior is always based on positive reinforcement and gradual approximation

71
Q

four types of learnign

A

cognitive, latent, insight, observational

72
Q

Karyotype

A

arrangement of chromosomes by size

73
Q

What types of similarities are found in the jobs that identical twins choose? What other job-related factors are attributable to genetics?

A

Complexity
Motor skills
Physical Demand

74
Q

Structuralism→

A

Wilhelm Wundt à break conscious experience down into objective sensations (sight or taste), and subjective feelings (emotional responses, will, memories, dreams)

75
Q

Functionalism

A

– William James à looks at how experiences help us function more adaptively in our environments

76
Q

Behaviorism –

A

Broadus Watson and Skinner à study of observable behavior

77
Q

Gestalt Psychology –

A

focuses on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving.

78
Q

Social-learning (social-cognitive) theory

A

→ Learning through observation, reinforcement, and punishment

79
Q

Neo-Freudian theory→

A

More emphasis on conscious choices

80
Q

Cognitive→

A

Mental and Intellectual processes. Observe behavior, not just introspection (Piaget and Binet)

81
Q

Psychobiological→

A

Study the interaction between biology and thoughts and behavior

82
Q

Humanistic→

A

Emphasizes desires for self-actualization

Sociocultural→ Studies diversity issues

psychology follow up (1 decks)

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