Psychology Flashcards - Sheet1
MCAT Kaplan Psychology
What is the difference beteen biomedical and biopsychosocial approaches?
The biomedical approach sees psychological disorders in the lens of biomedical causes and solutions. This narrower view does not take into account the psychological, sociological, and environmental factors that cause psychological disorders. The biopsychosocial approach also looks at direct and indirect solutions to treatment.
What is the one year prevalence of psychological disorders and the 3 most common psychological disorders?
Any mental disorder - 26.2%; Specific phobia - 8.7%; Social anxiety disorder - 6.8%; Major depressive episode - 6.7%
What is schizophrenia? What do you need for a diagnosis?
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. You must have at least 2 symptoms for 6 months, one of which is delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms include delusions (reference, grandeur, persecution, thought broadcasting, and thought insertion), hallucinations (auditory most common), and disorganized thought/actions (word salad/neologisms; catatonia/echolalia/echophraxia).
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Negative symptoms include disturbance of affect (blunting - loss of expressitivity; flat affect - no signs of emotional expression; inappropriate affect - discordant with the content of the individual’s speech) and avolition (decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions).
What is the prodromal phase?
Clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behaviour, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences. This phase is followed by the active phase of symptomatic behavior. Slow onset»_space; poor prognosis. Fast onsnet»_space; good prognosis.
What is a major depressive disorder?
Mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode (5 symptoms within a 2 week span, one of which is depressed mood or ahnedonia).
What does S+SIGECAPS stand for?
Major depressive disorder symptoms - Sadness+Anhedonia + Loss of sleep, Loss of interest, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, low energy, lack of concentration, loss of appetite, psychomotor functions affected, suicidal thoughts.
What is persistent depressive disorder?
Given to individuals who suffer from dysthymia (depressive mood that isn’t sever enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode most of the time for at least two years).
What is seasonal affective disorder?
Major depressive disorder with seasonal onset. Related to abnormal melatonin metabolism. Treatment is with bright light therapy.
What is the most common first line treatment for depression?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Blocks the reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron resulting in higher levels of serotonin in the synapse and relief of symptoms. INCREASE SEROTONIN.
What is bipolar disorder; I, II, and cyclothymic?
Major type of mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania. Bipolar Disorder I - manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes. Bipolar Disorder II - hypomania with major depressive episodes. Cyclothymic Disorder - hypomania with dysthymia.
What are manic episodes and how are they diagnosed?
Individual must exhibit an abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following DIGFAST symptoms.
What does DIGFAST stand for?
Manic episodes must consist of an abnormal and persistently elevated mood for at least a week with 3 of the following symptoms: Highly distracted, Insomnia, Grandiosity, Flights of idea (racing thoughts), Agitation, Pressure speech, and thoughtlesness (risky ideas).
What is hypomania?
Unimpaired functions nor are there psychotic features but individual may be more energetic or optimistic.
What is the monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression?
Depressive and manic episodes are two sides of the same coin. In depression, it is the low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin that cause the symptoms so treatment aims to increase these levels. In manic episodes, it is high levels of these neurotransmitters that cause the symptoms.
Are anxiety disorders more common in men or women?
Women
What is generalized anxiety disorder? Duration?
Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months. Physical symptoms include fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep problems.
What is specfic phobia disorder?
An irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it. Often caused by a specific object or situation.
What must clinicians rule out for all anxiety disorders?
Hyperthyroidism - excessive levels of thyroid hormones triiodothryonine and thyroxine increases the whole body’s metabolic rate creating anxiety-like symptoms.
What is social anxiety disorder?
Anxiety due to social situations. Individuals have fears when exposed to social situations like making a speech or using a public restroom.
What is agoraphobia?
Fear of being in places or situations where it might be hard for the individual to escape. These individualsl tend to be uncomfortable leaving their homes for fear of a panic attack or exacerbation of another mental illness.
What is panic disorder?
Consists of repeated panic attacks (fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and sense of unreality. Individuals struck with sense of impending doom and may be convinced they are about to lose their mind. Accompanied by agoraphobia because of the pervasive fear of having a panic attack in a public location.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Characterized by obsessives (persistent thought and impulses) that raise tension, which is released by compulsions (repetitive tasks). For example, obsession about dirt leads to washing hands.
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
Individual has an unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her appearance and attractiveness (even if they are normal), usual towards a certain body part. Body preoccupation disrupts day-to-day life and sufferer may seek multiple plastic surgeries or other extreme interventions.
What is PTSD?
Occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Consists of intrusion, avoidant, negative cognitive, and arousal symptoms.
What are the four symptoms of PTSD
Intrusion - recurrent reliving of the events (flashbacks or nightmares); Avoidant - deliberate attempts to avoid memories associated with trauma; Negative cognitive - inability to recall key features of the event, negative outlook on life; Arousal - increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, and reckless behavior.
What are dissociative disorders?
Individual dissociates from his/her identity. Otherwise, person has still an intact sense of reality.
What is dissociative amnesia?
Characterized by inability to recall past experiences but not due to neurological disorders. Often linked to trauma. Individuals may also experience dissociative fugue (a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities). Individuals in a fugue state often are confused about their identity or make up a new identity.
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Formerly multiple personality disorder - two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior. Components of an identity fail to integrate due to severe physical or sexual abuse when young.
What is depersonalization/derealization?
Depersonalization - individuals feel detached from their own mind and body. Failure to recognize one’s own reflection/out-of-body experience; Derealization - individuals feel detached from reality. World has a dream-like substance or insubstantial quality. No displays of psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations.
What is somatic symptom disorder?
At least one somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy, and increased anxiety.
What is illness anxiety disorder?
Consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition. Individuals with this disorder are quick to become alarmed with their health. They would either go to their healthcare provider everytime or avoid them completely. They have this disorder if somatic symptoms are not present.
What is conversion disorder?
Known as hysteria back in the day. Characterized by unexplained symptoms affective voluntary motor or sensory functions. Often experienced after a high-stress or traumatic event but may not develop until sometime has passed. Examples include paralysis or blindess.
What is la belle indifference?
Person may be unconcerned with the symptoms of conversion disorder.
What are the 10 types of personality disorders?
Paranoid, Schizotypal, Schizoid, Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Avoidant, Dependant, and Obsessive-Comppulsive.
What are the Cluster A personality disorders?
Paranoid PD - pervasive distrust of aothers and suspicion regarding their motives. Maybe prodormal schizophrenic. Schizotypal PD - patterns of odd or eccentric thinking; may have ideas of reference and magical thinking. For example, clairvoyance. Schizoid PD - detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression. Poor social skills.
What are the Cluster B personality disorders?
Antisocial PD - diregard for others and violation of their rights. Evidenced by repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, and lack of remorse. Think serial killer. Borderline PD - pervasive instability of interpersonal behaviour, mood, and self-image. Relationships are often intense and unpredictable. Uncertainty in long term goals, values, identity, and belief. May use splitting where others are all good or bad. Self mutilation common. Histrionic PD - highly extroverted, needs to be center of attention. May use seduction behavior to gain attention. Narcissitic PD - grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness. Seeks constant admiration or attention. Often have fragile self-esteem and insecure. Feelings of shame and inferiority when not viewed favourably.
What are the Cluster C personality disorders?
Avoidant PD - extreme shyness and fear of rejection. Socially inept and socially isolated. Dependent PD - continuous need for reassurance. Remains dependent on one specific person to take actions or make decisions. Obsessive-compulsive PD - perfectionist, inflexible, likes rules and order, no sense of humour, lack desire for change, excessive stubborness. Type A persona.
What are some of the biological causes for schizophrenia?
Genetics, trauma at birth (hypoxemia), marijuana in adolescence, related to a family member with schizophrenia
What are treatments for schizophrenia?
Caused by high levels of dopamine. Dopamine receptor blockers for treatment. Structural changes also related.
What are the markers associated with depression?
Abnormally high glucose metabolism in amygala, hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness, abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol), and low levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noepinephrine (due to low production not inhibition, etc.)
What are the markers associated with manic episodes?
Increased norepinephrine and serotonin levels, related to someone with bipolar disorder, and MS.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought, and tendency to misplace things. Later stages include changes to mood, personality, difficulty with procedural memory, poor judgment, and loss of initiatives. Common >65 and women.
What are the genetic causes of Alzheimer’s?
Mutations in presenilin genes (chr 1 and 14), apolipoprotein E (chr 19) and B-amyloid precursor proteins (chr 21). T21 at risk.
What are some markers for Alzheimer’s?
Reduction in levels of acetylcholine, metapolism in temporal and parietal lobes, plaques of b-amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles.
What is Parkinson’s Disease?
Characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremors, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, and shuffling gait.
What is the biological basis?
Decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra lreading to improper functioning of the basal ganglia. L-DOPA used to replace dopamine lost. Stem cells used to regenerate dopaminergic neurons.
How is schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Disease related?
Dopamine levels (high in schizo, low in PD). Antipsychotic medications often lead to parkinsonian side effects and vice-versa.
What is self-concept?
The sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves; in the present, who we used to be, who we want to be. Does not include the ought self or tactical self, which is what we are viewed based on other people/society.
What is self-schema?
Self-given label carries with it a set of qualities; for example, med student or athlete. Leads to specific conduct or act given the label.
What is identity?
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups which we belong; for example, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and ethnic and national affiliations.
What is self-esteem and how does it related to the actual self and our ought self?
Self esteem is our evaluation of ourselves. Generally, the closer our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self (who others want us to be), the higher our self esteem.
What is self-efficacy and how does it relate to learned helplessness?
Self-efficacy is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation. When placed in a consistently hopeless scenario, self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helplessness results. Highly critical individuals (perfectionists) tend to have high self-efficacy but low self-esteem.
What is locus of control?
Locus of control is a self-evaluation that reers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. Internal locus of control see successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions while external locus of control perceive outside factors as having more influence in their lives.
What is androgyny and undifferentiated in terms of masculinity and femininity scores?
Androgyny - high masculinity and femininity scores. Undifferentiated - low masculinity and femininity scores.
What is ethnic identity? How is it different from nationality?
Members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language. Nationality is based on political borders.
What is the hierarchy of salience as it relates to identity?
Our identities are organized according to the hierarchy of salience such that we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment. The more salient the identity, the more we conform to the role expectations of the identities. It is determined by a number of factors including the amount of work we have invested, the rewards and gratification associated with the identity, and the amount of self-esteem we have associated with the identity.
What is Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory?
Human psychology and sexuality are linked. Libido is present at birth and this libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological processes. Fixation occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development. Fixation leads to neurosis.
What is the first stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
Oral stage (0-1 years old). Fixation occurs with the mouth since gratification occurs through mouthing, biting, and sucking. An orally fixated adult would likely exhibit excessive dependency.
What is the second stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
Anal stage (1-3 years old). Fixation occurs around the anus since gratification is gained through elimination and retention of waste materials. Potty training also occurs at this stage. Fixation leads to excessive orderliness (anal-retentiveness) or slopiness as adults.
What is the third stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
Phallic stage (3-5 years old). Resolution of the Oedipal or Elektra conflict. Envious relationship of the child against the parent of same sex plus feelings of love for that parent leads to wanting to resolve the Oedipal or Elektra conflict. Libidnal energy is sublimated through schoolwork as well. Fixation at this stage - or failure to resolve the conlifts - leads to sexual dysfunction. Girls also have penis envy at this stage and are expected to exhibit less female behaviour and be less morally developed.
What is the fourth stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
Latency stage (5-12 years old). Sublimated libido at this stage»_space; school work, etc. occupies the child’s mind
What is the fifth stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?
Genital stage (12+). If previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationships. If sexual traumas of childhood have not been resolved, such behaviours such as homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism may be observed.
What is Erikson’s Pyschosocial Development Theory?
Personality development is based on a series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands. Emphasis on emotional development and interactions with social environment. Failure at resolving the conflict central to the stage is okay»_space; movement to next stage occurs»_space; but failure to do so leads to failure to gain the virtue at that stage. An individual carries the skills, traits, and virtue to subsequent stages.
What is the 1st conflict?
Trust v. Mistrust (0-1 years old). If resolved, child will come to trust his environment and himself. If not, child will be suspicious of the world.
What is the 2nd conflict?
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years old). If resolved, child will feel he is able to exert control over the world and exercise his/her choices. If not, sense of doubt and external locus of control will be present.
What is the 3rd conflict?
Initiative v. Guilt (3-6 years old). If resolved,child will have sense of purpose, ability to initiate activity, and enjoy accomplishments. If not, child is overcome by the fear of punishment»_space; leads to restrict himself or overcompensate by showing-off.
What is the 4th conflict?
Industry v. Inferiority (6-12 years old). If resolved, child will feel competent, be able to exercise his or her abilities and intelligence, and affect the world in the way he/she desires. If not, leads to sense of inadequacy, inability to act in a competent manner, and low self-esteem.
What is the 5th conflict?
Identity v. Role confusion (12-20 years old). The Physiological Revolution. If resolved, fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique, and integrated»_space; sustained loyalties. If not, confusion about one’s identity.
What is the 6th conflict?
Intimacy v. Isolation (20-40 years old). If resolved, leads to ability to love, have intimate relationships, and ability to commit onself to another person, and one’s own goals. If not, avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing of oneself from others and one’s ideals.
What is the 7th conflict?
Generativity v. Stagnation (40-60 years old). If resolved, individual is capable of being productive, caring, and contributing member of society. If not, one acquires sense of stagnation, and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered.
What is the 8th conflict?
Integrity v. Despair (60+). If resolved, detached concern with life itself, assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, and acceptance of death. If not, feeling that life has been worthless and fear of impending death.
What is Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Theory?
This is not focused on resolving conflict or urges but rather the development of moral thinking. As our cognitive abilities grow, so does our ability to think about and resolve dilemmas and perceive the notion of right and wrong»_space; growth of moral reasoning.
What is the Heinz dilemma?
Heinz has a wife who is dying of a rare disease. There is a druggist in town who invented a drug that could cure the disease. It costs 200 to produce but he sells it for 2000. Heinz cannot afford this price. Ultimately, Heinz stole the drug to save his wife. Answers to this question led to Kohlberg determining the six levels of moral reasoning.
What is the 1st and 2nd level of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Theory?
Preconventional morality. Typically observed in children. Places emphasis on the consequences of the moral choice. 1st Level - Obedience - concerned with avoiding punishment. 2nd Level - Self-interest - concerned with the rewards with the choice (often called Instrumental Relativist Stage).
What is the 3rd and 4th level of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Theory?
Conventional morality. Typically observed in adolescents. Places emphasis on the relationship of the individual with others. 3rd Level - Conformity - Good girl/boy stage - seeks approval of others and what everyone deems correct and good. 4th Level - Law & Order - maintains social order in the highest regard (if everyone stole, then people who produce those items cannot continue their business).
What is the 5th and 6th level of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Theory?
Postconventional morality. Adulthood/Not everyone reaches this stage and is based on social mores and can conflict with the law. 5th Level - Social Contract - Views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on the individual rights (everyone has a right to live, business have a right to make money»_space; ultimately, we should value the individual rights). 6th Level - Universal Human Ethics - decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles built by that individuals - can go against law, order, and society (it is wrong for one person to hold another’s life for ransom).
What is a criticism of Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning?
Postconventional morality is more prevalent on individualistic rather than collectivist society. Kohlberg’s research was only performed using male subjects, which may cloud differences in reasoning patterns between men and women.
What is Vygotsky’s Cultural and Biosocial Development?
Focused on understanding cognitive development. The engine driving cognitive development was the child’s internalization of various aspects of culture: rules, symbols, language, and so on. Also known for his concept of zone of proximal development referring to skills and abilities not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills requires the presence/help of a more knowledgeable other. Language also plays a big role is an accelerant to learning.
What is the Theory of Mind?
Ability to sense how another mind works. Once this develops, we begin to recognize and react to how others think about us.
Compare and contrast Mead and Cooley.
Others play a role in how we view ourselves. Cooley thought that everyone influences our self identity. Mead thought only some people can influence our self identity.
What is the I and me as defined by Mead?
The me is the social self. How the generalized other and society sees us. The I is the response to the me. The I thinks about what others think about us and steps in and makes adjustment to respond to the me.
What is the Looking Glass Self according to Cooley?
Cooley believed we are not actually being influenced by others but instead by what we imagine what others think about us (correct or incorrect perception about us). It is the combination of our own direct contemplation and what we believe others believe about us that leads to the development of our self identity. Our reactions to how others perceive us - maintaining, modifying, downplaying, or accentuating different aspects of our personality. Relies on others reflecting ourselves back to ourselves.
What is the prepatory, play, and game stage according to Mead?
Young children observe and encode the behaviours they see in others. The prepatory stage is imitation. The play stage is role-taking and pretend play. The game stage is the beginning to understand the generalized other (people perform in ways society expects them, people have multiple roles, people have different opinion of others).
What is personality? What are the four categories of Personality Theory?
Personality is the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviours that are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations. There are four categories: pyschoanalytic (psychodynamic), humanistic (phenomenological), type and trait, and behaviourist.
Define the psychoanalytic perspective.
Views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires
Define the humanistic perspective.
Emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive towards happiness and self-realization.
Define the type and trait perspective.
Personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviour.
Define the behaviourist perspective.
Based on operant conditioning // holds that personality can be described as the behaviours one has learned from prior rewards and punishments.
Defined the social cognitive perspective.
Holds that individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. People mold their environments according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
What is the id according to Freud? Define the pleasure principle and the primary process.
Consists of all the basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce. Functions according to the pleasure principle in which the aim is immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension. The primary process is the id’s response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now, not later. Mental imagery that fulfills this need for satisfaction is termed wish fulfillment (daydream/fantasy).
What is the ego according to Freud? Define the reality principle and the secondary process.
Ego is the organizer of the mind: it receives its power from but can never really be fully independent of the id. Ego operates according to the reality principle, taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle. This guidance is called the secondary process»_space; postpone pleasure until satisfaction is actually obtained (not just mental imagery). Also responsible for moderating the desire of the superego.
What is the superego according to Freud? Define the conscience and the ego ideal.
Personality’s perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures. The conscience is a collection of impromer actions for which a child is punished. Ego ideal consists of actions for which a child is rewarded.
How do the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious states relate to Freud’s theory?
The id lives in the unconscious. The ego lives in the conscious/preconscious. The superego lives in all three conscious states.
What is instinct according to Freud?
Innate psychological representation of a biological need.There are life and death instincts. Life - promote survival, thirst, hunger, sex. Death - unconscious wish for death and destruction (trauma victims reenacting or focusing on their traumatic experiences).
What are the defense mechanisms caused by the clash of the id and superego?
Repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, sublimation, displacement, and rationalization. Repression - undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious. Suppression - conscious form of forgetting. Regression - reversion to an earlier developmental stage. Reaction formation - suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites. Projection - individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others (I hate my parents > My parents hate me). Rationalization - justification of behaviours in a manner that is acceptable to self and society. Displacement - transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another (boss angry at him > him angry at dog). Sublimation - transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviours.
What is Carl Jung’s theory of personality?
Not focused on sexuality. He divided the unconscious into a personal unconscious (similar to Freud’s unconscious) and a collective unconscious - a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. These archetypes build the collective unconscious.
What is the persona Jung archetype?
The mask we wear in public and is part of the personality we present to the world
What is the anima Jung archetype?
A man’s inner woman - explains emotional behaviour in men
What is the animus Jung archetype?
A woman’s inner man - explains power-seeking behaviour in women
What is the shadow Jung achetype?
Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions.
What is the self according to Jung?
The point of intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and conscious mind.
What did Alfred Adler’s Theory focused on?
He was focused on the immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors. He was the originator of the concept of inferiority complex: an individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially. According to Adler, striving for superiority drives personality. This striving enhances the personality when it is oriented towards benefiting society but yields disorder when it is selfish.
What is Alfred Adler’s Creative Self and Style of Life?
Creative self - force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality. Style of Life - manifestation of creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority.
What is Horney’s Theory?
Individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by one of ten neurotic needs. Horney also had a primary concept - basic anxiety. Child’s early perception of self is important and stems from a child’s relationship with his/her parents. Inadequate parenting can cause vulnerability and helplessness - basic anxiety. Neglect and rejection - basic hostility. There are certain strategies involved and healthy individuals use them but a child with basic hostility/anxiety will use only one of these strategies rigidly and exclusively.
What is Object Relations Theory?
Objects refers to the representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy. These objects then persist into adulthood and impact our interactions with others, including the social bonds we create and our predictions of other’s behaviours.
What is Gestalt therapy?
Practitioners take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing him/her to individual behaviours/drives.
What is Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Theory?
Focused on situations in the present. Lewin defined the field as one’s current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces on the individual at that time. How do individual’s reach self-realization? Look at the forces acting on their field; those assisting in the attainment and those blocking paths to goals.
What is Maslow’s Self-Actualization Theory?
Self-actualizers have peak experiences that have important and last effects on the individual. They share several characteristics (CHOPS) > creativity, humour, originality, privacy, and spontaneity. Maslow studies Einstein, Roosevelt, and Beethoven to see if there was a pattern with these successful people.
What is Kelly’s Personal Construct Psychology Theory?
Individuals are scientists who are trying to gauge the reaction of their environment and the behaviour of others using personal constructs (what they know about behaviour and experience with the environment). For example, an anxious person rather than being the victim of inner conflicts and pent-up energy is one who is having difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in the environment. Psychotherapy helps people acquire and apply new constructs.
What is Rogers known for with regards to psychotherapy?
His technique of client-centred, person-centered, or nondirective therapy. Rather than providing solutions or diagnoses, the therapist helps the client reflect on problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive actions, and determine his/her own destiny. Aim is help clients reconcile the differences between the varios selves and reduce stress-inducing incongruence.
What is unconditional positive regard?
Therapeutic technique by Rogers by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment.
What is the difference between type and trait theorists?
Type theorists»_space; there is a taxonomy of different personality types. Trait theorists»_space; there are different traits that make up a person’s personality.
What were the humors personality type?
Ancient Greek - personality type based on body fluids, and imbalance leads to various personality disorders. 1. Yellow bile (aggressive and dominant) 2. Blood (impulsive and charismatic) 3. Phlegm (relaxed and affectionate) 4. Black bile (depressive and cautious)
What were the somatotypes?
William Sheldon prooposed that personality types were based on body types. Tall people - high-strung and aloof // Short people - jolly // Med people - strong and well-adjusted.
Type A versus Type B personalities?
Type A - competitive and compulsive. Type B - laid-back and relaxed.
What is the PEN theory according to Eysenck?
People can be categorized based on different traits. 1. Psychoticism (measure of nonconformity or social deviance) 2. Extraversion (measure of tolerance for social interaction. 3. Neuroticism (measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations).
What is the Big Five Model?
Openess, Conscienstiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
What is Allport’s trait theory?
There are cardinal, primary, and secondary traits. Not everyone develops a cardinal trait but everyone has central and secondary traits. Central traits represent major characteristics of the personality such as honesty and charisma. Secondary traits are characteristics that are more limited in occurrence; for example, occurs during a specific social situation or group. Another major part of Allport’s theory is the concept of functional autonomy - behaviour continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behaviour. For example, hunting for food becomes hunting for sport.
What is David McClelland N-Ach trait theory?
People who are highly rated in N-Ach have a high need for achievement. They tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments. They avoid high risk (to avoid failing) and low risk (no reward/achievement) goals. They set realistic goals and stop striving towards a goal if success is unlikely.
What are the four theories about motivation?
Instinct, Drive-Reduction, Arousal, Needs Theory
What is the Instinct Theory of Motivation?
People are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionarily programmed instincts. It was derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution. An instinct is an innate fixed pattern of behaviour in response to a stimulus. The greatest proponent of this theory was McDougall who proposed that humans were driven to all thoughts and behaviours by 18 distinctive instincts.
What is the Arousal Theory of Motivation?
We are driven/motivated to maintain the optimal level of arousal. Arousal is the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli. The Yerkes-Dodson law postulates a U-shaped function between level of arousal and performance (see Social Facilitation).
What is the Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation?
Drives are defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals. Drives help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable internal state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve tension created by it. Primary drives are those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological functions. Secondary drives are those that drive us to fulfill emotional desires.
Homeostasis is usually controlled by what kinda of feedback system? Name an example.
Negative feedback loop. When our bodies are lacking nutrients and energy, feedback systems release hormones like ghrelin that create the hunger drive and motivate eating. After we consume food, feedback is sent to the brain to turn off the hunger drive by releasing leptin.
What is the Need-Based Theory of Motivation?
Motivation can be described as how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy needs. Motivation determines which behaviours are most important to pursue, how much effort will be taken, and for how long the effort will be maintained.
What is Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs?
- Physiological 2. Security 3. Love 4. Self-esteem 5. Self-actualization. Motivation is towards the lowest level needs.
What is in Maslow’s Physiological level?
Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
What is in Maslow’s Security level?
Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, and property
What is in Maslow’s Love level?
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
What is in Maslow’s Esteem level?
Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
What is in Maslow’s Self-Actualization level?
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
What is the Self-Determination Theory? ARC.
Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness. These must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.
What is the Incentive Theory?
Explains behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal but by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.
What is the Expectancy-Value Theory?
The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.
What is the Opponent-Process Theory?
Explains continuous drug use. When a druf is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology (opposite that of the drug). Alcohol, which is a depressant, leads to arousal. Also explains tolerance»_space; decrease drug effectivity over time.
What are the three elements of emotion?
Physiological, Behavioural, and Cognitive.
What are the universal emotions?
Happiness, Sadness, Surprise, Anger, Contempt, Fear, Disgust
What is the adaptive role of emotion?
Emotions are thought to be evolutionary adaptations due to situations encountered over the evolutionary history of the human species that guide sensory processing, physiological response, and behaviour. Fear is early in evolution whereas guilt and pride are later.
What are the three theories of emotion?
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer.
What is James-Lange Theory of emotion?
1.Stimulus 2. Physiological Response 3. Cognitive Emotion. Peripheral organs receive the information and respond, and that response is then labeled as an emotion. For example, I see a snake. My heart is racing and my eyes widen. These physiological changes leads to my feeling of fear. However, this has been discredited because patients with spinal cord injuries should show decreased levels of emotion»_space; they don’t.
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?
- Stimulus 2. Physiological and Cognitive Emotion response. Physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occurs AT THE SAME TIME, not in sequence. Thus, severing the feedback should not alter the emotion experienced. For example, I see a snake and my heart is racing and my eyes are wide AND I am afraid. Sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and sympathetic nervous systems simultaneously. This fails to explain the vagus nerve, which is a feedback system conveying information from the peripheral organs back to the central nervous system.
What is the Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion?
Also called the cognitive arousal or the two-factor theory. 1. Stimulus 2. Physiological Response AND Cognitive Appraisal of the Environment 3. Cognitive emotion. Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced. One must consciously analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal. Presence of an unexpected arousal plus an environment that encourages a particular emotion is sufficient to create that emotion in the subject.
What system is involved in experiencing emotion?
Limbic system. Made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex.
What does the Amygdala do?
Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. It processes the environment, detects external curs, and learns from the person’s surroundings.
What does the Thalamus do?
Preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.
What does the Hypothalamus do?
Synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Serves many homeostatic functions and is involved in modulating emotion.
What does the Hippocampus do?
Primarily involved in creating long term memories.
Memory system can be divided into two types. What are they?
Explicit and Implicit Memory systems. Both are used for the formation and retrieval of emotional memories.
Define the explicit memory system.
Primarily controlled by the hippocampus. Memory of experiencing the actual emotion. It is the conscious memory of the event.
Define the implicit memory system.
Primarily controlled by the amygdala. Emotional memory. Storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. Determines the expression of past emotions.
