Psychology Final Flash Cards
1
Q
What is hindsight bias?
A
when you say oh yea i knew that was going to happen, after it happens
2
Q
What is the Gambler’s Fallacy
A
finding patterns when they don’t really exist
3
Q
What are the three goals of psychology?
A
- Measurement and Description
- Understanding and Prediction
- Application and Control
4
Q
What is a theory?
A
A broad explanation or prediction concerning phenomena of interest; an integrated set of principles
5
Q
What is a hypothesis?
A
A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested; more specific than a theory
6
Q
Explain the Scientific Method
A
Specific hypotheses are derived from broad theories and then tested to form more defined theories, not all theories are testable (Freud) - you can never completely prove a theory - operational definitions make abstract concepts measurable and observable (instead of saying I’m hungry, say I haven’t eaten for 6 hours)
7
Q
List four types of operational definitions
A
- self reports (questionnaires)
- response performance (reaction time, tests)
- physiological measures
- unobtrusive behavioral measures (how close someone sits, eye contact, smiling)
8
Q
Descriptive Study - Case Study
A
An intensive study of one or a few individuals. Interviews, test, observations and more can all be part of the case study.
9
Q
Observational Study - Surveys
A
Representative sample of population: individuals in a sample should math the type of people in population you wist to generalize to. Phrasing of questions is important. Random Sample.
10
Q
Correlational Studies
A
Way of determining the degree of association between two variables. Correlation coefficient tells you about the relationship, the strength and direction.
11
Q
What is something very important to remember about correlation studies?
A
Correlation does not imply causation
12
Q
Describe an experiment
A
When a relationship between two or more variables is investigated by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of a situation. The investigator changes some factors, keeping others constant and measures the effects on randomly assigned subjects.
13
Q
Define dependent variable
A
The variable is dependent on the influence of the experiment. The variable being measured in an experiment.
14
Q
Define independent variable
A
Variable that researcher manipulates in an experiment, can cause change in the dependent variable. There can be multiple levels (at least two) - levels are the same as groups or conditions
15
Q
What is the control variable or group in an experiment?
A
They are not exposed to experimental treatment but their results are still measured
16
Q
Define random assignment
A
each participant has equal chance of being in each level of independent variable
17
Q
Define Interaction
A
qualifying a statement about a variable by taking another variable into account: the combination of variables has an effect
18
Q
What is a confounding variable?
A
a variable that is not held constant across all levels (groups) of the independent variable (a confounding variable destroys internal validity)
19
Q
Internal and External Validity
A
High internal validity - when the change in the dependent variable is the result of the independent variable only; a well designed experiment
High External Validity - when your results generalize broody to other situations or people
20
Q
Experimenter effects or experimenter bias
A
when the experimenter unintentionally biases or influences the experiment, destroying internal validity
21
Q
List the two different experimenter effects
A
single blind: participants don’t know the hypothesis
double blind: in addition, experimenters don’t know what condition participants are in
22
Q
Descriptive Statistics
A
when you describe a group via central tendency and variability
23
Q
Inferential Statistics
A
how likely results occurred by chance
24
Q
Define sensation
A
the conversion of the stimulus to neural impulses
25
Define perception
interpreting the stimuli and making sense of them
26
Absolute Threshold
minimum stimulation necessary to detect light, sound, taste, touch and odor, half the time you will detect it and half the time you won't
27
What is the three step process for experiencing a stimulus?
1. Stimulus energy reaches sense receptors
2. Sense organ traduces the stimulus energy into an electrical code (neural transmission)
3. This cod is sent to the cerebral cortex, resulting in a psychological experience
(perceptions are created by our brains and are not always accurate)
28
Define constancy
we experience perceptual stability even though the sensed stimulus changes - shape constancy and size constancy
29
The Autokinetic Effect
stationary objects can appear to move
30
What is transduction?
The translation of stimulus energy into an electrical code/neural impulse
31
Difference Threshold
the minimum difference for a person to be able to detect the difference half the time (in color, pitch, weight, temperature, etc)
32
Weber's Law
for two stimuli to be perceived as different, they must differ by a constant minimum percentage and not a constant amount
33
Where is the color vision located?
around the fovea
34
What was Watson?
A behaviorist
35
What is learning?
the relatively permanent change in performance potential brought about by experience - learning is best understood by looking at environmental factors rather than internal factors
36
What is the key to learning?
Associations; both types of conditioning focus on basic associations
37
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov and his dogs experiment
A neutral object comes to elicit a response through association with other stimulus, the first stimulus automatically elicits the desired response.
38
In classical conditioning and also in Pavlov's experiment, what occurs naturally?
UCS: unconditioned stimulus - food
UCR: unconditioned response - salivate
39
In classical conditioning and also in Pavlov's experiment, what occurs with training?
CS: conditioned stimulus - bell
CR: conditioned response - salivation
The bell at first was a neutral stimulus, it has to be a neutral stimulus before it becomes a conditioned stimulus
40
What is stimulus generalization?
response generalizes to similar stimuli
41
What is stimulus discrimination?
response to a specific stimulus but no other response to other stimuli ( can differentiate between stimuli)
42
Spontaneous Recovery
pair the CS with the UCS again and response will return more quickly this time after extinction
43
Single trial learning
when learning takes place with only one pairing of a CS with a UCS
44
Operant Conditioning
consequences of behavior from environment will affect the likelihood of that response in the future - different from classical conditioning because it involves voluntary behaviors - Skinner
45
Types of Reinforcement
Positive: increases behavior by administering a stimulus ex: compliments on a shirt
Negative: increases behavior by removing a stimulus
46
Types of Punishment
Positive: decreases behavior by administering a stimulus Ex: spanking
Negative: decreases behavior by removing a stimulus ex: taking away a toy or cell phone, time out
47
What does positive reinforcement do?
increases the chance a behavior will occur
48
What does negative reinforcement do?
removes a negative stimulus, also strengthens the response unlike punishment
49
Premack Principle
more frequent behavior can reinforce less frequent behavior - contiguity: time delay reduces learning
50
Punishment
Decreases the chance a behavior will occur - to be effect you have to deliver punishment swiftly, strongly and surely
51
Shaping
reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response, this is necessary when the behavior does not spontaneously occur initially
52
Two types of learning schedules
Continuous Schedules - each instance of the behavior is reinforced
Intermittent Schedule - some instances of behavior are reinforced
53
Two types of Intermittent Schedules
Fixed Ratio - reinforcement after fixed number of responses
| Variable ratio - reinforcement (unknown) number
54
Two types of Interval Schedules
Fixed Interval - reinforcement after a fixed amount of time ; lowest rate of responding of the four schedules
Variable Interval - reinforcement after variable (unknown) amount of time
55
Observational learning
learning witnessing other's behavior, no direct reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement: seeing others being reinforced or punished influences one's behaviors
56
Latent learning
a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it
57
Memory
the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
58
List the three themes of memory
- Multiple memory systems exist
- Memory is active and constructed, rather than passive
- Memory accuracy can be affected by many different factors
59
Encoding of Memory
refers to the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory
60
Storage of Memory
the maintenance of material saved in the memory system
61
Retrieval of Memory
material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
62
Sensory Memory
the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
63
Iconic Memory
reflects information from our visual system
64
Echoic Memory
stores auditory information coming from the ears
65
Episodic memory
memory for one's personal experience
66
Semantic memory
memory for knowledge about the world
67
Procedural memory
doing things
68
Implicit Memory
without intention or awareness of memorization
69
Short term memory
holds information in awareness for a short period of time, generally 20-30 seconds
70
Chunking
a way of remembering things by grouping information together
71
Long term memory
Encoding - elaboration, structure, distribute learning over time
visual 13% acoustic 60% semantic 91%
Retrieval - cues, targeted pratice, state-depedent learning, state-dependent memory: experiencing the same internal state during encoding and retrieval also can enhance the memory
72
Forgetting - Interference
Proactive: old memories interfere with new learning
Retroactive: new memories interfere wit old ones
73
Serial Position Effects
Primacy: remembering first items better
Recency: remembering last items better
74
Parts of the brain used for declarative memory
- hippocampus
- cerebral cortex
- most likely in the frontal lobe
75
Parts of the brain used for procedural memory
- cerebellum
- one explanation for infantile amnesia
- amygdala - emotional memories
76
What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
The peripheral and central
77
What is the central nervous system made up of?
The brain and the spinal cord
78
The peripheral nervous system is made up of the
autonomic and somatic parts and the sympathetic and parasympathetic is part of the autonomic
79
What is the pituitary gland?
is the master gland, resistance to stress and disease, body growth
80
What does the adrenal gland do?
the adrenal gland secretes hormones in response to stress
81
What does the endocrine system do?
Sends messages throughout the nervous system
82
Hormones
affect the functioning or growth of other parts of the body
83
What are the four lobes of the cortex?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
84
What does the occipital lobe do?
section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain
85
What does the parietal lobe do?
Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
86
What does the temporal lobe do?
areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech
87
What does the frontal lobe do?
areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making, motor responses, production of fluent speech
88
What is the motor area responsible for?
For voluntary movements of particular parts of the body
89
What is Broca's are responsible for and what is Wernicke's area responsible for in the frontal lobe?
Broca's - speaking language
| Wernicke's - understanding language
90
What divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe?
Central sulcas
91
Contralateral transmission
information generally crosses from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain
92
Corpus Callosum
provides a pathway for communication between the hemispheres
93
What is the left hemisphere specialization?
language, logical thought, math; does the speaking - processes sequentially
94
What is the right hemisphere specialization?
spatial, visual, emotional expression; can't speak - processes globally or holistically
95
What does the limbic system consist of?
- cerebellum
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
- hippocampus
96
What does the cerebellum do?
controls bodily balance
97
What does the hypothalamus do?
controls homeostasis and basic biological behavior/drives (eating, drinking, pleasure)
98
What does the amygdala do?
aggression/fear
99
What does the hippocampus do?
processing conscious memory
100
What are the four parts of the brainstem?
- thalamus
- medulla
- pons
- reticular formation
101
What does the thalamus do?
relay station for information concerning senses
102
What does the medulla do?
regulates heartbeat/breathing
103
What does the pons do?
movement
104
What does reticular formation do?
controlling arousal
105
What does a dendrite do?
receiving information, bringing in info to the neuron
106
What does an axon do?
passes information down the cell
107
What does a myelin sheath do?
fatty tissue that protects the axon, prevents wires from crossing
108
Where is a terminal button on a neuron?
very end of the neuron
109
What is a synapse?
A space between neurons
110
What is action potential?
an electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell's charge from negative to positive
111
What is an excitatory message?
a chemical secretion that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon
112
What is an inhibitory message?
a chemical secretion that prevents a receiving neuron from firing
113
What are the five neurotransmitters?
- acetylcholine
- serotonin
- dopamine
- endorphins
- SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
114
What is acetylcholine's location, effect and function?
```
location - everywhere, especially some organs of the parasympathetic nervous system
effect - excitatory in brain and autonomic nervous system
function - muscle movement; cognitive functioning
```
115
What is dopamine's location, effect and function?
location - brain
effect - inhibitory or excitatory
function - muscle disorder, mental disorders like schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease
116
What is serotonin's location, effect and function?
location - brain, spinal cord
effect - primarily inhibitory
function - pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, runner's high, endogenous morphine
117
What do agonists drugs do?
mimics effects of neurotransmitters
118
What do antagonists drugs do?
bind receptors to block neurotransmitters
119
Trichromatic theory
three kinds of cones sensitive to different wave lengths, explains color blindness well. cones that are red and green, cones that are blue and yellow and cones that are black and white - color blindness is due to one of the three cone systems malfunctioning, and colors covered by that range are misperceived
120
Rods
120 million, low light (night vision), black and white, periphery
121
Cones
6 million, brighter light, color vision, near fovea (centralized)
122
Opponent Process Theory
receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other, explains afterimages, occurs at a later stage than trichromatic theory
123
What do bipolar cells do?
receive info directly from rods to ones and sends this info to ganglion cells
124
What do ganglion cells do?
collect and summarize visual info, which is moved out of the back of the eyeball through a bundle of ganglion axons called the optic nerve
125
What is simultaneous contrast?
objects look lighter against a dark background than against a light background
126
What is lateral inhibition?
when a receptor fires, it inhibits its neighbors because they serve a similar function - its purpose is to emphasize change - causes simultaneous contrast
127
What is binocular disparity?
a depth cue using both eyes
128
What are the three monocular depth cues?
texture gradient: a depth cue using both eyes
linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
relative size: distant objects are smaller
129
Context effects
when our expectations influence what we perceive
130
Place theory
the theory that links pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
131
frequency theory
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
132
McGurk Effect
visual and auditory info interact and can cause mistakes in perception, sometimes we what we see overrides what we hear
133
What are the four sensations on skin?
- touch/pressure
- warmth
- cold
- pain
134
What is the most sensitive part of the body?
lips
135
Gate control theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain - gate opened to the activity of pain traveling up the spinal cord
136
State of consciousness
the awareness of sensations, thoughts and feelings being experienced at a given moment
137
Dual Processing
Automatic: without awareness or control
Controlled: requires more effort
138
Who originated hypnosis?
Franz Mesmer in the 18th century
139
What are some effects of hypnosis?
- enhanced memory?
- hallucinations
- suggestibility - but there are limits
- post hypnotic suggestion and amnesia
140
The two parts of dissociation theory
splitting the consciousness and hidden observer
141
What are the four reasons we sleep?
- evolutionary adaptive (avoid prisoners by being still and hidden, avoids accidents in the dark)
- conserve energy
- secrete growth hormones
- synthesize information
142
What is REM stage 1:
transition; small and irregular brain waves; visual images
143
What is REM stage 2:
bursts of rapid waves (spindles)
144
What is REM stage 3:
occasional delta waves (spindles)
145
What is REM stage 4:
deepest sleep; mainly delta waves; walking or talking in sleep occurs in this stage
146
What happens in REM paradoxical sleep?
- rapid eye movements
- very active brain waves, but paralyzed muscles
- sexual arousal
- most dreaming occurs here
147
How many episodes of REM sleep per night?
4-5
148
How long is the average REM cycle
2 hours
149
When does "deep sleep" occur?
early in the night
150
What are some common themes in dreams?
- falling
- being chased
- school
- sex
- being late
- eating
151
What does Freud call dreams
the royal road to the unconscious
152
What is manifest content?
actual events in a dream
153
What is latent content?
symbolic content - unconscious which motivation
154
Problem focused approach
dreams reflect current concerns and sometimes how to resolve them, especially survival-related ideas
155
Activation Synthesis Theory
random activity of portions of the brain including old memories, which are woven into a coherent store line
156
What are four common sleep disturbances?
- insomnia
- sleep apnea
- narcolepsy
- sleepwalking
157
What are schemas?
mental frameworks or networks that help us organize information
158
What is confirmation bias or belief perseverance?
refusal to change false schemas
159
What is priming?
a schema that is at the forefront of your mind will be used to interpret your world
160
Algorithms
sure methods to reach the solution, but may take a long time
161
Informal reasoning
heuristics are mental shortcuts that usually lead to quick and accurate decisions (but sometimes lead us astray); using your intuition
162
Availability Heuristic:
judge frequency of an event on what comes to mind easily
163
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic:
over-reliance on pre-existing judgements
164
Framing Heuristic:
how we approach things
165
Representativeness Heuristic:
ignore base-rate information and rely on stereotypes/schemas
166
What are five properties of language?
- communicatitive
- arbitrary (any symbol will do)
- structure (syntax) is important
- multiplicity of structure
- dynamic (evolving)
167
What is the paralinguistic channel?
How we say them (pitch, etc)
168
What are emblems?
communicative hand motions
169
What is the linguistic determinism hypothesis?
the notion that language shapes, in fact, may determine the way people of a particular culture perceive and think about the world
170
Who was the man who thought there was a relation between head size and intelligence?
Francis Galton
171
Who developed IQ tests based off of mental age versus chronological/physical age?
Alfred Binet
172
Mental Retardation
significantly below average intellectual functioning, plus limitations in at least two ares of adaptive functioning involving:
- communication skills
- self-care
- ability to live independently
- social skills
- health and safety
- academics
- lesure and work
173
What are the nine intelligences in Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
- linguistic
- logical/math
- spatial
- bodily/kinesthetic
- musical
- interpersonal
- intrarpersonal
- naturalist
174
What are three reasons for individual differences in IQ stores?
- genetic component
- environmental factors
- individuals inherit a range
175
What are the four teratogens (toxins) when pregnant?
- Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- smoking (can cause asthma)
- aspirin (can cause harm to circulatory system)
- caffeine (excessive) (can cause slow growth and contributes to premature birth and increased irritability
176
Kohlberg's Theory
moral reasoning is not learned but constructed through interaction with society and environment - environmental factors may affect the speed of development, but not the direction
177
Kohlberg Stage One: Obedience
consequences of action determine future behavior, punishment avoidance is primary motivator
178
Kohlberg Stage Two: Quid Pro Quo
good behavior results in others' actions that satisfy one's own personal needs, rewards are primary motivators, interpersonal reaction is important only to the extent that the situation can be manipulated for personal benefit
179
Kohlberg Stage Three: Sociability
approval seeking behavior drives moral reasoning, approval from close others desired
180
Kohlberg Stage Four: Law & Order
obey the letter of the law, avoidance of guilt and/or censure is primary motivator, broadens to approval by society
181
Kohlberg Stage Five: Social Contract
consensus of the majority results in "good laws", good laws are followed to the extent they do not interfere with life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, use of due process to change laws
182
Kohlberg Stage Six: Principal
Universal principles are recognized and accepted, when principles are in conflict with the law, however, the principle is the guide in determining moral reasoning
183
Social Intuitionist Model
Moral judgement rest on intuitions, moral reasoning happens after the moral judgement has been made to justify the judgment
184
Attachment Theory
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a caregiver
185
What are the three reactions the child gave in the "strange situation" when the caregiver left?
- protest
- despair
- detachment
186
What are the three functions of attachment?
- proximity maintenance
- safe haven
- secure base
187
Assimilation
interpreting new information when a new schema is introduced
188
Accommodation
creating a new schema for information that doesn't fit
189
Piaget Sensorimotor (0-2)
connect sensory and motor systems, object permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
190
Piaget Preoperational (2-7)
Egocentrism: the inability of a child to take another's pony of view, continued development of symbols and language
191
Piaget Concrete Operational (7-11)
Achieves conservation of number, mass, and weight
192
Piaget Formal Operational (11 and up)
can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically
193
Theory evaluation of Piaget
may have underestimated kids and how quickly they develop, may have overestimated adults, many never achieve formal thought, development does not always occur in distinct stages
194
Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust
birth to a year and a half
195
Erikson's Autonomy vs shame and doubt
one and a half to three years
196
Erikson's Initiative vs guilt
three to six years
197
Erikson's industry vs inferiority
six to twelve years
198
Erikson's identity vs role confusion (adolescence)
time of major testing, adolescents try to determine what is unique and special about themselves
199
Erikson's Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)
developing close relationships
200
Erikson's Generavity vs stagnation (middle age)
contributions to one's family, community, work and society, assisting the development of the younger generation
201
Erikson's integrity vs despair (older age)
reviewing life's successes and failures
202
What are three ways to measure personality?
Rorschach Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory
203
Psychodynamic Personality Structure Id:
operates on the pleasure principle, primitive and unconscious part of personality
204
Psychodynamic Personality Structure Ego:
operates on the reality principle, mediates between id and superego
205
Psychodynamic Personality Structure Superego:
moral ideas and conscience
206
Psychosexual Development
development depends on the changes in distribution of sexual energy and libido, personality is fixed by the age of 5
207
Fixation
failure to progress smoothly through a stage can result in fixation at that stage - psychodynamic
208
Defense Mechanisms: Reaction Formation
transforming a feeling into its opposites
209
Defense Mechanisms: Projection
attributing your own feelings to someone else
210
Defense Mechanisms: Displacement
directing emotions (anger) toward people or things that aren't the real cause of feelings
211
Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation
redirecting sexual energy into creativity and aggression into physical, creative accomplishments
212
Behaviorism on development of personality
environment effects personality
213
Humanistic approach on development of personality
emphasizes on how people are unique and how they strive for improvement (self-actualization) Carl Rogers - humanists that supports self actualization goal - being treated with acceptance
214
Abraham Maslow - Maslow's Hierarchy - Humanist
```
1st-Self Actualization
2nd-esteem
3rd-belongingness
4th-safety
5th-physiological
(the lower needs need to be met before you can meet the needs above them)
```
215
Interactionism
the belief that behavior is jointly determined by situations and personality traits (behavior is a function of the person and the situation)
216
The big five in personality are...
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
217
The Four D's of Defining Disorder
- Deviant
- Distressful
- Dysfunctional
- Dangerous
218
Medical Model approach to disorders
abnormal behavior is result to mental illness
219
Biopsychosocial Approach to Disorders
all behavior is influenced by
- genetics
- psychology
- socio cultural factors
220
Major Depression symptom
- extreme sadness
- feel worthless or guilty
- recurring thoughts of death
- sleep disturbances
- difficulty concentrating
- withdrawal from social interaction - self fulfilling prophecy
221
Possible Causes of Depression
- genetic factors
- serotonin and norepinephrine
- negative schemas
- guilt and shame
- learned helplessness
222
What is learned helplessness
if something bad happens to you, you believe that something bad will happen to you no matter what - sometimes people would then give up
223
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder during a Manic Episode
- inflated self esteem or grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative, or pressure to keep talking
- flight of ideas and/or racing thoughts
- increase in goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation
- reckless or risky activities
224
Manic Episode
a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week
225
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsession: a persistent and unwanted thought that keeps returning
Compulsion: ritual or behavior that is repeated endlessly
226
PTSD symptoms
flashbacks, reliving event, irritability, psychic numbing, physical problems
227
Psychodynamic Explanation for Anxiety Disorder
id vs super ego, displaced fear
228
Behaviorist Explanation for Anxiety Disorder
classical conditioning, observational, operant
229
Humanistic Explanation for Anxiety Disorder
discrepancy between real and ideal self
230
Physiological Explanation for Anxiety Disorder
neurotransmitter GABA
231
Biological Predisposition Explanation for Anxiety Disorder
preparedness
232
Dissociative Identity Disorder
two or more distinct personalities; usually unaware of one another
233
Fugue
often taking a new name in another city, a replacement personality, often the result of major trauma or threat
234
What is schizophrenia?
splitting of psychic functions - emotions, ideas, perceptions
235
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganization
- social withdrawal
- poverty of speech
- blunted or flat affect
- loss of volition
236
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia you have to have what symptoms?
At least two of the following for at least six months
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
- dysfunction
237
Narcissistic personality disorder
exaggerated sense of self importance
238
Antisocial personality disorder (sociopath)
characterized by no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others
239
Borderline Personality Disorder
characterized by their difficulty in developing a secure sense of identity; emotional instability
240
What fraction of people got better whether or not they sought treatment or not?
2/3
241
Humanistic Therapy
Rogers and Maslov - goal is to help clients achieve self actualization - empathy and reflection
242
Cognitive/Behavior Therapies
fix the behavior, applying classical and operant conditioning, Beck's Cognitive Therapy and Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
243
Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
irrational beliefs cause negative emotions, attempts to restructure a person's belief into a more realistic, rational and logical set of views
244
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
A style of psychotherapy developed by Beck to change people's illogical thoughts about themselves and the world, use of socratic questioning, less confrontational and challenging than REBT
245
What is social psychology?
the scientific study of how people's thoughts, and behaviors are affected by the real or imagined presence of others
246
Situational attribution
cause outside the person
247
Dispositional attribution
cause inside the person
248
Tripartite Model of Attitudes
affective- your feeling/emotions toward that object
behavior-how have I behaved towards it or how has it behaved toward me
cognitive- thoughts about the particular object
249
What is the comparison effect?
if behavior is important to our self-concept, our self-evaluation is threatened
250
What is the reflection effect?
if behavior is irrelevant to our self-concept, we gain in self-evaluation
251
What is self control?
any effort by a human being to alter its own responses - a strength or muscle model of self control
252
What is ego depletion
a state in which self control resources are depleted, it is wise to be strategic about self-control exertions
253
What are the three key variables in Tesser's SEM Model?
closeness
importance (to our self view)
relative performance
254
What is a stereotype?
A schema about a certain group
255
What can help reduce prejudice?
Contact, working with the group of people you have a prejudice against
256
What are the three hypotheses for physical attractiveness?
- symmetry
- average faces
- baby face hypothesis
257
Rusbult's Investment model
Investment, satisfaction and alternatives influents commitment
258
What is commitment influenced by?
satisfaction: positivity of affect, rewards minus cost
alternatives: other potential partners, alone, work, friends, etc
Investments: kids, time, effort, mortgage, emories, friends, etc
259
Compliance Strategies: Low ball
after commitment, changing the deal for worse (used car salesman)
260
Compliance Strategies: Foot in the door
a small request followed by a larger request, you really want the larger request, person feels committed
261
Compliance Strategies: Norm of Reciprocity
people give you something, then rely on you giving/agreeing to something much bigger
262
Compliance Strategies: Door in the Face
a large, unreasonable request, followed by a smaller request. You really want the smaller request, operates on reciprocity principle
263
How do you define aggression?
- behavior
- intent to harm
- directed at living beings
- victim motivated to avoid such treatment
264
Bystander Effect
people are less likely to help in an emergency as the number of bystanders increases
265
Diffusion of Responsibility
assuming someone else in group will help
266
Pluralistic Ignorance
looking to others in group to define the situation
