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Psychology Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Well Defined Problems

A

Define Well Defined Problems

Have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths and clear expected solutions

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2
Q

3 components of Well Defined Problems

A

Current Status, Goal Status, Path from current state to goal state

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3
Q

Define Ill-Defined Problems

A

Do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution

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4
Q

Define Interpretation

A

Information is organized into categories, Then superimpose into our lives to give them meaning

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5
Q

Define Fixation

A

Stuck in one interpretation, the inability to adopt any different or new perceptive of a problem.

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6
Q

Define Functional Fixedness

A

A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only it the way it is traditionally used

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7
Q

Define Mental Set

A

Approach situations in a certain way because method has worked in the past

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8
Q

Define Insight

A

interpreted something different and brings you to the solution

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9
Q

List Problem Solving Strategies

A

Algorithms, Heuristics

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10
Q

Define Heuristics

A

mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.

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11
Q

Define Anchoring and Adjustment

A

an individual basis their initial ideas and responses on one point of information and then makes changes driven by that starting point

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12
Q

Define Working Backward

A

an individual imagines they have already solved the problem they are trying to solve, work backwards in their mind and eventually visualize a solution to the problem

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13
Q

Define Means End Analysis

A

Solves a problem by considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state.

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14
Q

Define Representative Heuristic

A

categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario.

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15
Q

Define Conjunction Fallacy

A

assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one

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16
Q

Define Gamblers Fallacy

A

a person thinks the probability of an outcome has changed, when in reality, it has stayed the same.

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17
Q

Define Availability Heuristic

A

how easily something that you’ve seen or heard can be accessed in your memory.

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18
Q

Define Confirmation Bias

A

occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. When people would like a certain idea/concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true

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19
Q

Define Illusory Correlation

A

an individual imagines that a correlational relationship exists between data sets (usually with people, events, or behavior) when it really doesn’t

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20
Q

Define Belief Perseverance

A

the tendency for people to hold their beliefs as true, even when there is ample evidence to discredit the belief.

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21
Q

Define Person Who Reasoning

A

relating a situation to one person instead of looking at stats of groups of people.

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22
Q

Define Intelligence

A

the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge

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23
Q

Define Intelligence Quotient

A

theoretical construct used by psychologists within standardized tests as a means of describing one’s intelligence level.

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24
Q

Define Heritability

A

The extent to which differences in a trait can be attributed to our genetic makeup

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25
Q

Define Reaction Range

A

have a genetic coding but there is a range around that

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26
Q

Define Schema

A

Working Model of what something is

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27
Q

Define Semantic Network

A

Organization of Connection Information

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28
Q

Define Cognitive Development

A

construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making

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29
Q

What is Cognitive Development Schemas

A

Accommodation, Assimilation

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30
Q

Define Accommodation

A

people alter their existing schemas or create new schemas as a result of new learning.

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31
Q

Define Assimilation

A

manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge.

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32
Q

Define Scaffolding

A

enables a child to solve a problem, carry out a task or achieve a goal which is just beyond his or her abilities.

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33
Q

Define Piaget’s stages Theory

A

cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.

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34
Q

List Piaget’s Stages

A 
Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years) Pre-operational (2 to 6 years) Concrete Operational (6 - 12 years)
Formal Operational (12+ years)
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35
Q

Define Sensorimotor Stage

A

understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived.

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36
Q

Define Pre-operational stage

A

child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.

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37
Q

Define Concrete Operational Stage

A

Logic with concrete things

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38
Q

Define Formal Operational Stage

A

Advanced, abstract thinking

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39
Q

Define Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.

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40
Q

Define Personality

A

the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

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41
Q

What does Personality impact?

A

all aspects of a person’s performance

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42
Q

Define Freudian/Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

A

human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.

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43
Q

List 3 Levels of Awareness

A

conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

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44
Q

Define Conscious Level

A

someone is aware of at any particular point in time.

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45
Q

Define Preconscious Level

A

contains information that is just below the surface of awareness

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46
Q

Define Unconscious

A

contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in ourselves, well below our conscious awareness.

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47
Q

Define Defense Mechanisms

A

reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli.

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48
Q

List 8 Defense

A

Denial, Repression Displacement, Projection Reaction formation, regression, rationalization,
sublimation

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49
Q

Defina Denial

A

When a situation or fact becomes too much to handle, you may simply refuse to experience it

50
Q

Define Repression

A

completely forgetting the experience

51
Q

Define Displacement

A

transferring your emotions from the person or situation that is the target of your frustration to someone or something else entirely

52
Q

Define Projection

A

project our feelings, shortcomings or unacceptable impulses onto the people around us

53
Q

Define Reaction Formation

A

behaving in the opposite way to which you think or feel

54
Q

Define Regression

A

behavior becomes more childish

55
Q

Define Rationalization

A

try to explain your bad behavior away

56
Q

Define Sublimation

A

transform your conflicted emotions into productive outlets.

57
Q

Define Psychosexual Stages of Personally Development

A

Define Psychosexual Stages of Personally Development
development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

58
Q

Define Oral Stage

A

0-1 year old, much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth, could lead to an oral fixation in later life.

59
Q

Define Anal Stage

A

1-3 years old, potty training, in which adults impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child’s future relationship with all forms of authority.

60
Q

Define Phallic Stage

A

3-6 years old, The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences

61
Q

Define Latency Stage

A

5-6 years old, No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage, energy is channeled into developing new skills and acquiring new knowledge

62
Q

Define Genital Stage

A

Puberty to Adult, time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person

63
Q

Lists Neo-Freudian Primary Criticisms of Freud

A

Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivator.
Freud’s negative view of human nature. Freud’s belief that personality was shaped entirely by early childhood experiences.
Freud’s lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences on behavior and personality.

64
Q

Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

A

a five-tier model of human needs, . From the bottom upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization.

65
Q

Define Carl Rogers Theory

A

for a person to grow they need an environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

66
Q

List Personality Traits

A

Extroversion. Agreeableness. Conscientiousness. Neuroticism. Openness to experience.

67
Q

Define The five factor model of Personality

A

set of five broad trait dimensions or domains, often referred to as the “Big Five”: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience

68
Q

Define Locus of Control

A

an individual’s belief system regarding the causes of his or her experiences and the factors to which that person attributes success or failure.

69
Q

Define Learned Helplessness

A

a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed.

70
Q

Define Self-serving Bias

A

Attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

71
Q

Define Negative Explanatory Style

A

how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event, either positive or negative

72
Q

Define Conformity

A

a change in behavior, belief, or both in conform to a group as a result of imagined group presser

73
Q

Define informational Social Influence

A

When you make decisions about how to behave, seek information from your social surroundings

74
Q

Define Normative Social Influence

A

Conforming in order to be accepted or liked by a group

75
Q

What Impacts Conformity

A

Unanimity, Anonymity, Culture, Time, Gender, individual status

76
Q

Define Unanimity

A

a group of people all being of one mind

77
Q

Define Anonymity

A

Data collected in a way that makes it impossible to match to a specific participant.

78
Q

Define Compliance

A

Acting Accordance with a direct request from another person or group

79
Q

What are the four techniques to increase compliance

A

Foot in the Door, Low Ball, Door in the Face, Thats not al

80
Q

Define Foot in the Door technique

A

getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first

81
Q

Define Low Ball Technique

A

an item or service is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits.

82
Q

Define Reciprocity

A

exchanging things with others for mutual benefit

83
Q

Define Door in the Face Technique

A

The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, the respondent is then more likely to agree to a second, more reasonable request, than if that same request is made in isolation.

84
Q

Define Thats not all Technique

A

the persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision.

85
Q

Define Obedience

A

compliance with commands given by an authority figure

86
Q

ow can groups influence people? (7 ways)

A

Social loafing, Social Facilitation, Diffusion of responsibility, Bystander effect, Deindiviuation, Group polarization, Group think

87
Q

Define Social Loafing

A

a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when he or she works in a group than when working alone

88
Q

Define Social Facilitation

A

endency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone.

89
Q

Define Diffusion of Responsibility

A

a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.

90
Q

Define Bystander Effect

A

individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

91
Q

Define Deindividuation

A

Immersion in a group to the point that one loses a sense of self-awareness and feels lessened responsibility for one’s actions.

92
Q

Deine Polarization

A

the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs.

93
Q

Define Group Think

A

occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

94
Q

Define Attribution

A

inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior.

95
Q

Define Situational

A

influences that do not occur from within the individual but from elsewhere like the environment and others around you.

96
Q

Define Dispositional

A

individual characteristics that influence behavior and actions in a person.

97
Q

Define Fundamental Attribution Error

A

people tend to emphasizes internal characteristics, rather than external factors, in explaining other people’s behavior.

98
Q

Define Actor Observer Bias

A

tendency to attribute

one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

99
Q

Define Just World Hypothesis

A

a person’s actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person

100
Q

Define Cognitive Dissonance

A

mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values

101
Q

Define Anxiety Disorder

A

emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes

102
Q

Define Specific phobia

A

kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations.

103
Q

Define Social Anxiety

A

fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in a social or performance situation.

104
Q

Define Agoraphobia

A

avoidance of situations that induce intense fear and panic

105
Q

Define GAD

A

chronic state of severe worry and tension, often without provocation.

106
Q

Define Panic Attacks

A

sudden onset of intense apprehension, fear, or terror that occurs without apparent cause.

107
Q

Define Panic Disorders

A

episodes of intense fear and discomfort that reach a peak within a few minutes

108
Q

Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations ,and behaviors that drive them to do something over and over

109
Q

Define Obsessions

A

repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations

110
Q

Define Compulsions

A

behaviors that drive them to do something over and ove

111
Q

Define Depressive Disorders

A

mental health disorders characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.

112
Q

Define Bipolar disorder

A

episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.

113
Q

Define Schizophrenia

A

person experiences a combination of symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania

114
Q

Define Hallucinations

A

an experience involving the apparent perception of something not present.

115
Q

Define delusions

A

strongly held belief that does not represent reality

116
Q

Define Personality Disorders

A

a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving.

117
Q

Define Cognitive behavioral Therapy

A

negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns

118
Q

Define Exposure Therapy

A

exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress.

119
Q

Define Interpersonal Process Therapy

A

a time-limited, focused, evidence-based approach to treat mood disorders. The main goal of is to improve the quality of a client’s interpersonal relationships and social functioning to help reduce their distress.

120
Q

Person Centered/Humanistic Therapy

A

approach that allows clients to take more of a lead in discussions so that, in the process, they will discover their own solutions.

121
Q

Define Psychanalysis

A

investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind.

General Psychology Final (1 decks)

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