Psychology Final Flashcards
Define Well Defined Problems
Define Well Defined Problems
Have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths and clear expected solutions
3 components of Well Defined Problems
Current Status, Goal Status, Path from current state to goal state
Define Ill-Defined Problems
Do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution
Define Interpretation
Information is organized into categories, Then superimpose into our lives to give them meaning
Define Fixation
Stuck in one interpretation, the inability to adopt any different or new perceptive of a problem.
Define Functional Fixedness
A cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only it the way it is traditionally used
Define Mental Set
Approach situations in a certain way because method has worked in the past
Define Insight
interpreted something different and brings you to the solution
List Problem Solving Strategies
Algorithms, Heuristics
Define Heuristics
mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.
Define Anchoring and Adjustment
an individual basis their initial ideas and responses on one point of information and then makes changes driven by that starting point
Define Working Backward
an individual imagines they have already solved the problem they are trying to solve, work backwards in their mind and eventually visualize a solution to the problem
Define Means End Analysis
Solves a problem by considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state.
Define Representative Heuristic
categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario.
Define Conjunction Fallacy
assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one
Define Gamblers Fallacy
a person thinks the probability of an outcome has changed, when in reality, it has stayed the same.
Define Availability Heuristic
how easily something that you’ve seen or heard can be accessed in your memory.
Define Confirmation Bias
occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. When people would like a certain idea/concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true
Define Illusory Correlation
an individual imagines that a correlational relationship exists between data sets (usually with people, events, or behavior) when it really doesn’t
Define Belief Perseverance
the tendency for people to hold their beliefs as true, even when there is ample evidence to discredit the belief.
Define Person Who Reasoning
relating a situation to one person instead of looking at stats of groups of people.
Define Intelligence
the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge
Define Intelligence Quotient
theoretical construct used by psychologists within standardized tests as a means of describing one’s intelligence level.
Define Heritability
The extent to which differences in a trait can be attributed to our genetic makeup
Define Reaction Range
have a genetic coding but there is a range around that
Define Schema
Working Model of what something is
Define Semantic Network
Organization of Connection Information
Define Cognitive Development
construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making
What is Cognitive Development Schemas
Accommodation, Assimilation
Define Accommodation
people alter their existing schemas or create new schemas as a result of new learning.
Define Assimilation
manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge.
Define Scaffolding
enables a child to solve a problem, carry out a task or achieve a goal which is just beyond his or her abilities.
Define Piaget’s stages Theory
cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.
List Piaget’s Stages
Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years) Pre-operational (2 to 6 years) Concrete Operational (6 - 12 years) Formal Operational (12+ years)
Define Sensorimotor Stage
understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived.
Define Pre-operational stage
child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.
Define Concrete Operational Stage
Logic with concrete things
Define Formal Operational Stage
Advanced, abstract thinking
Define Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
Define Personality
the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character
What does Personality impact?
all aspects of a person’s performance
Define Freudian/Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.
List 3 Levels of Awareness
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
Define Conscious Level
someone is aware of at any particular point in time.
Define Preconscious Level
contains information that is just below the surface of awareness
Define Unconscious
contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in ourselves, well below our conscious awareness.
Define Defense Mechanisms
reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli.
List 8 Defense
Denial, Repression Displacement, Projection Reaction formation, regression, rationalization,
sublimation
Defina Denial
When a situation or fact becomes too much to handle, you may simply refuse to experience it
Define Repression
completely forgetting the experience
Define Displacement
transferring your emotions from the person or situation that is the target of your frustration to someone or something else entirely
Define Projection
project our feelings, shortcomings or unacceptable impulses onto the people around us
Define Reaction Formation
behaving in the opposite way to which you think or feel
Define Regression
behavior becomes more childish
Define Rationalization
try to explain your bad behavior away
Define Sublimation
transform your conflicted emotions into productive outlets.
Define Psychosexual Stages of Personally Development
Define Psychosexual Stages of Personally Development
development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Define Oral Stage
0-1 year old, much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth, could lead to an oral fixation in later life.
Define Anal Stage
1-3 years old, potty training, in which adults impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the child’s future relationship with all forms of authority.
Define Phallic Stage
3-6 years old, The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences
Define Latency Stage
5-6 years old, No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage, energy is channeled into developing new skills and acquiring new knowledge
Define Genital Stage
Puberty to Adult, time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person
Lists Neo-Freudian Primary Criticisms of Freud
Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges as a primary motivator.
Freud’s negative view of human nature. Freud’s belief that personality was shaped entirely by early childhood experiences.
Freud’s lack of emphasis on social and cultural influences on behavior and personality.
Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
a five-tier model of human needs, . From the bottom upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization.
Define Carl Rogers Theory
for a person to grow they need an environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
List Personality Traits
Extroversion. Agreeableness. Conscientiousness. Neuroticism. Openness to experience.
Define The five factor model of Personality
set of five broad trait dimensions or domains, often referred to as the “Big Five”: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience
Define Locus of Control
an individual’s belief system regarding the causes of his or her experiences and the factors to which that person attributes success or failure.
Define Learned Helplessness
a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed.
Define Self-serving Bias
Attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
Define Negative Explanatory Style
how people explain to themselves why they experience a particular event, either positive or negative
Define Conformity
a change in behavior, belief, or both in conform to a group as a result of imagined group presser
Define informational Social Influence
When you make decisions about how to behave, seek information from your social surroundings
Define Normative Social Influence
Conforming in order to be accepted or liked by a group
What Impacts Conformity
Unanimity, Anonymity, Culture, Time, Gender, individual status
Define Unanimity
a group of people all being of one mind
Define Anonymity
Data collected in a way that makes it impossible to match to a specific participant.
Define Compliance
Acting Accordance with a direct request from another person or group
What are the four techniques to increase compliance
Foot in the Door, Low Ball, Door in the Face, Thats not al
Define Foot in the Door technique
getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first
Define Low Ball Technique
an item or service is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits.
Define Reciprocity
exchanging things with others for mutual benefit
Define Door in the Face Technique
The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, the respondent is then more likely to agree to a second, more reasonable request, than if that same request is made in isolation.
Define Thats not all Technique
the persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision.
Define Obedience
compliance with commands given by an authority figure
ow can groups influence people? (7 ways)
Social loafing, Social Facilitation, Diffusion of responsibility, Bystander effect, Deindiviuation, Group polarization, Group think
Define Social Loafing
a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when he or she works in a group than when working alone
Define Social Facilitation
endency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone.
Define Diffusion of Responsibility
a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
Define Bystander Effect
individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
Define Deindividuation
Immersion in a group to the point that one loses a sense of self-awareness and feels lessened responsibility for one’s actions.
Deine Polarization
the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs.
Define Group Think
occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome
Define Attribution
inferences that people make about the causes of events and behavior.
Define Situational
influences that do not occur from within the individual but from elsewhere like the environment and others around you.
Define Dispositional
individual characteristics that influence behavior and actions in a person.
Define Fundamental Attribution Error
people tend to emphasizes internal characteristics, rather than external factors, in explaining other people’s behavior.
Define Actor Observer Bias
tendency to attribute
one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes
Define Just World Hypothesis
a person’s actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person
Define Cognitive Dissonance
mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values
Define Anxiety Disorder
emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes
Define Specific phobia
kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations.
Define Social Anxiety
fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in a social or performance situation.
Define Agoraphobia
avoidance of situations that induce intense fear and panic
Define GAD
chronic state of severe worry and tension, often without provocation.
Define Panic Attacks
sudden onset of intense apprehension, fear, or terror that occurs without apparent cause.
Define Panic Disorders
episodes of intense fear and discomfort that reach a peak within a few minutes
Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations ,and behaviors that drive them to do something over and over
Define Obsessions
repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations
Define Compulsions
behaviors that drive them to do something over and ove
Define Depressive Disorders
mental health disorders characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.
Define Bipolar disorder
episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.
Define Schizophrenia
person experiences a combination of symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania
Define Hallucinations
an experience involving the apparent perception of something not present.
Define delusions
strongly held belief that does not represent reality
Define Personality Disorders
a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving.
Define Cognitive behavioral Therapy
negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns
Define Exposure Therapy
exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress.
Define Interpersonal Process Therapy
a time-limited, focused, evidence-based approach to treat mood disorders. The main goal of is to improve the quality of a client’s interpersonal relationships and social functioning to help reduce their distress.
Person Centered/Humanistic Therapy
approach that allows clients to take more of a lead in discussions so that, in the process, they will discover their own solutions.
Define Psychanalysis
investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind.
