Psychology Exam Term 2 2022 Deck

Question 1

Types of development (Lifespan)

Answer 1

Physical Development – changes in the brain and systems of the body.
Social Development – changes in relationships with others and skills in interacting, including online and with technology.
Cognitive Development – changes in mental abilities such as learning, memory and problem solving.
Emotional Development – changes in how one feels and expresses feelings, including the recognition of emotion in others.

Question 2

Nature

Answer 2

is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.

Question 3

Nurture

Answer 3

is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.

Question 4

Assimilation:

Answer 4

The process of taking new information and fitting it into existing schemas.
We use assimilation to make sense of new information based upon old information.

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

: Sometimes we cannot assimilate new information into an existing schema.
It will not fit in, and we cannot change the information in any way to link it to what we already know.
In this case, we are forced to change our schemata to accommodate the new information.

Question 6

Vygotsky’s Theory

Answer 6

The Zone Proximal Developmental compares the abilities of a child when working independently to what they are able to do when supervised and assisted by an adult or more capable peers.

Question 7

Erikson Theory

Answer 7

Erikson believes that social development occurs through a combination of the effects of psychological processes which take place within individuals and the experiences of individuals during their life time.
Erikson believed that it is necessary to experience each crisis before proceeding to the next stage.

Question 8

• 3 elements of emotion

Answer 8

physiological, subjective, expressive.

Question 9

• Facial Expression

Answer 9

sadness, disgust, surprise, joy, anger, fear.

Question 10

Eysenck Personality Theory-

Answer 10

According to Eysenck our personality is innate and has a biological basis. There is a personality type known as the criminal personality. Individuals with a criminal personality will score highly on measures of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism.

Question 11

Freud Personality Theory-

Answer 11

the Id, Super-Ego and Ego are the divisions of the psyche according to Freud’s “structural theory“ of personality.
Freud thought these terms offered a more compelling description of the dynamic relationship between the conscious and the unconscious.
The “id” (fully un-conscious) contains the drives and those things repressed by consciousness; the “super ego” (partly conscious) is the conscience or the internal moral judge; and the “ego” (conscious) deals with our conscious external reality.

Question 12

Schachter – Two Factor Theory-

Answer 12

Physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation occur simultaneously to produce the emotional experience

Question 13

Stage 1: The Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 13

Occurs between birth and 2 years old.
Infants begin to understand the world by combining sensory experiences (vision, touch etc) with motor (movement) abilities.
Before infants develop Object Permanence, out of sight is literally out of mind. An infant will follow an object with his eyes, but stop when it is hidden.

Question 14

Stage 2: The Pre-Operational Stage

Answer 14

Occurs between 2 and 7 years old
Children become able to accommodate and assimilate information into their schemata.
An important development of this stage is Symbolic Thinking
Symbolic Thinking is the ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects, places and events.
Piaget believed that children are unable to see things from another person’s perspective. This is called Egocentrism.

Question 15

Stage 3: The Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 15

Occurs between 7 and 12 years old.
The thinking of concrete operational children revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their senses – what is Concrete.
A key cognitive accomplishment for a child in the concrete operational stage is understanding Conservation.
Conservation refers to the idea that an object does not change it’s weight, mass, volume or area when it changes shape or appearance.
By the end of this stage, children will have learned to view the world more accurately. They begin to think logically about concrete objects and can create mental pictures of objects and processes.
They begin to move towards abstract thinking.

Question 16

Stage 4: The Formal Operational Stage

Answer 16

Occurs from 12 years of age onwards.
More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes increasingly sophisticated.
A key cognitive accomplishment in the Formal Operational Stage is Abstract Thinking.
Abstract Thinking is a way of thinking that does not rely on being able to see or visualise things in order to understand concepts (Algebra, Physics, Honesty, Morality)
Logical Thinking is the ability to develop plans to solve problems, develop hypotheses and systematically test solutions.

Question 17

Scaffolding

Answer 17

Scaffolding refers to help or guidance from the More Knowledgeable Other given to assist the learner when working in their ZPD.

Question 18

• Delphi Technique

Answer 18

Delphi technique refers to a process where organizations collect information from experts using several rounds of questions. It’s a systematic and qualitative method that relies on experts to forecast the future outcome where they are much knowledgeable about.

Question 19

dependent and independent variable

Answer 19

A dependent variable is the variable being tested in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is “dependent” on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the change in the dependent variable is observed and recorded.

Question 20

quantitative and qualitative data?

Answer 20

Quantitative research is a numerical and statistical analysis of statistical and numerical data (numbers and statistics). On the other hand, qualitative research deals with open-ended and non-numerical data (concepts, descriptions, meanings, words, and more).

Question 21

subjective and objective data

Answer 21

The subjective and objective methods of data collection are two prominent ones used to determine the type of data collected and the assumptions. While the former is related to verbal expression of thought and the declarations to follow, the latter is related to verifiable, solid fact.

Question 22

• What is Emotion?

Answer 22

Emotions are reactions that human beings experience in response to events or situations. The type of emotion a person experiences is determined by the circumstance that triggers the emotion.

Question 23

Canon Bard Theory-

Answer 23

Cannon-Bard Theory declares that the experience of emotion does not merely rely on bodily inputs and how the body responds to stimuli. Both of these occur at the same time autonomously. People recognize the emotions and simultaneously undergo physiological responses such as perspiring, trembling and tensing of muscles.

Question 24

James Lange Theory-

Answer 24

The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened (“I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”)

Question 25

Schachter – Two Factor Theory-

Answer 25

states that emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal. According to the theory, “people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal.”

Question 26

Schema

Answer 26

A mental idea about what something is and how to deal with it

Question 27

Object Permanence

Answer 27

The understanding (typically developed during early infancy) that an object still exists even when it disappears from sight, or other senses.

Question 28

Conservation

Answer 28

logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size

Question 29

Theories of emotion

Answer 29

• Cannon-bard, James Lange, Schacter- two factor.

Question 30

Personality Theories

Answer 30

Eysenck and Freud

Question 31

Development Theories

Answer 31

Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson

Question 32

Piaget Development Stages

Answer 32

1. Sensori-motor -Object Permanence lack
2. Pre-Operational - Symbolic Thinking
3. Concrete Operational - Conservation
4. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking

Question 33

Experimental research design main elements

Answer 33

1. Presence of control group
2. Random allocation
3. Pre and post testing
4. Control of extraneous materials
5. Hyptothsis testing