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Psychology > Psychology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lifespan Development

A

Studies how you change as well as how you remain the same over the course of your life

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2
Q

What domains do developmental psychologists study?

A

Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial

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3
Q

What is the normative approach to development?

A

Events called developmental milestones

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4
Q

Continuous development

A

Views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

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5
Q

Discontinuous development

A

views development as occurring in unique stages (specific ages or times)

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6
Q

Nature

A

Biology and genetics

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7
Q

Nurture

A

Environment and culture

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8
Q

What are the theories of development

A

Psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory, cognitive theory, Theory o moral development

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9
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A

Sigmund Freud believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults; development was discontinuous

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10
Q

What are the erogenous zones

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

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11
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Personality development takes places across the lifespan, social interactions affect sense of self

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12
Q

How may stages are in Erikson’s theory

A

8

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13
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

0-1 years old; basic needs will be met

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14
Q

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

A

1-3 years; develop a sense of independence in many tasks

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15
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

3-6 years old; take initiative on some activates

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16
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

7-11 years; develop self-confidence in abilities

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17
Q

Identity vs confusion

A

12-18 years; experiment with and develop identity and roles

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18
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

19-29 years; establish intimacy and relationship with others

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19
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

30-64 years; Contribute to society and be part of a family

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20
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

Assess and make sense of life and meaning

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21
Q

Piaget

A

Focused on cognitive growth and theorized that cognitive abilities develop through specific stages

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporates information into existing schemata

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Change schemata based on new information

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24
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2; World experienced through senses and actions; object permanence and stranger anxiety

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25
Q

Preoperational

A

2-6; Uses world and images; pretend play, egocentrism, language development

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26
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11;understanding concrete events and analogies logically

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27
Q

Formal operational

A

12+, formal operations and utilize abstract reasoning; abstract logic and moral reasoning

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28
Q

Theory of moral development (Kohlberg)

A

Pre-conventional morality; Conventional morality; Post-conventional morality

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29
Q

Stages of development

A

Prenatal; Infancy; Adolescence; Emerging Adulthood, Adulthood

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30
Q

Placenta

A

Structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo through the umbilical cord

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31
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Fetal stage, the baby’s brain develops and the body adds size and weight

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32
Q

Prenatal influences

A

Teratogen, Alcohol, Smoking, Drugs

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33
Q

Teratogen

A

any environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

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34
Q

Alcohol

A

Can cause fetal-alcohol syndrome

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35
Q

Smoking

A

premature birth, low-birth weight, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome

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36
Q

Drugs

A

Heroine, cocaine, methamphetamine

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37
Q

Fetal-alcohol syndrome

A

Small head, abnormal facial features, poor judgement, poor impulse, higher ADHD, learning issues, lower IQ

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38
Q

New born reflexes

A

inborn automatic responses to particular form of stimulation

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39
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Baby turns its head toward something that touching its cheek

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40
Q

sucking reflex

A

Suck on objects placed by the mouth

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41
Q

Grasping reflex

A

cling to objects placed in hands

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42
Q

Moro reflex

A

spreads arms and pulls back when feeling like falling

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43
Q

Blooming period

A

neural pathways form thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood

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44
Q

Pruning period

A

neural connections are reduced during childhood and adolescence to allow the brain to function more efficiently

45
Q

Motor skills

A

ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

46
Q

Fine motor skills

A

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, focus on coordination of small actions

47
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Focus on large muscle groups that control arms and legs and involve larger movements

48
Q

Baillargeon

A

infants understand objects and how they work

49
Q

Attachment

A

long-standing connection or bond with others

50
Q

Harlow

A

baby monkeys choose cloth surrogate mother

51
Q

What are the 4 styles of attachment

A

Secure, Avoidant, Resistant, Disorganized

52
Q

Secure

A

Child uses parent as secure base

53
Q

Avoidant

A

Unresponsive to parent, negligent parenting

54
Q

Resistant

A

Show clingy behavior but reject mother; inconsistent

55
Q

Disorganized

A

Show odd behavior; abusive

56
Q

Self-concept

A

development of positive sense of self

57
Q

What are the parenting styles?

A

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved

58
Q

Temperament

A

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

59
Q

Easy temperament

A

Positive emotions, adapt well to change

60
Q

Difficult temperament

A

negative emotion, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions

61
Q

Adrenarche

A

maturing of the adrenal glands

62
Q

Gonadarche

A

maturing of the sex glands

63
Q

Menarche

A

Beginning of menstrual periods

64
Q

Spermarche

A

first ejaculation

65
Q

Frontal lobe

A

responsible for judgement, impulse control, and planning

66
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

intelligence improves or remains steady

67
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

intelligence begins to decline

68
Q

What are the 5 stages of grief?

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

69
Q

Personality

A

the long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

70
Q

Choleric

A

yellow bile from the liver; passionate ambitious, and bold

71
Q

Melancholic

A

Black bile from the kidneys; reserved, anxious, and unhappy

72
Q

Sanguine

A

red blood from the heart; joyful, eager, and optimistic

73
Q

Phlegmatic

A

white phlegm from the lungs; calm, reliable, and thoughtful

74
Q

Franz Gall

A

Proposed distances in the bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality

75
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

individuals could be categorized into one of the four temperaments

76
Q

William Wundt

A

Personality could be separated between emotional/non-emotional and changeable/unchangeable

77
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective: Sigmund Freud

A

Unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression and childhood sexuality influence personality

78
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective:Neofreudians

A

Neo-Freudians have less emphasis on sex

79
Q

Unconscious

A

mental activity that we are unaware of

80
Q

Freudian slip

A

slips of the tongue that are sexual/aggressive urges accidently slipping out of our conscious

81
Q

Id

A

contains primitive urges; operates on the “pleasure principle”

82
Q

Superego

A

Develops through interactions with others; strives for perfection; moral compass

83
Q

Ego (Self)

A

rational; balances id and superego; operates on the “reality principle”

84
Q

Neurosis

A

tendency to experience negative emotions

85
Q

Inferiority complex

A

a person’s feeling that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society

86
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact

87
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by observing someone’s behavior and it’s consequences

88
Q

Self-efficacy

A

level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences

89
Q

Locus of control

A

beliefs about the power we have over our lives

90
Q

Internal locus

A

outcomes are direct result of actions

91
Q

External locus

A

outcomes are outside of our control

92
Q

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A

Found that identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

93
Q

Endomorphs

A

relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even-tempered

94
Q

Mesomorphs

A

adventurous, self-conscious, artistic, thoughful

95
Q

Ectomorphs

A

Anxious, self-conscious, artistic

96
Q

Cardinal traits

A

dominates entire personality

97
Q

Central traits

A

makes up our personality

98
Q

Secondary traits

A

less obvious or consistent, present under certain circumstances

99
Q

High in extroversion

A

Sociable, outgoing

100
Q

High in introversion

A

high need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors

101
Q

High in neuroticism

A

anxious, overactive sympathetic nervous system

102
Q

High in stability

A

more emotionally stable

103
Q

OCEAN

A

O- openness
C - Conscientiousness
E - extroversion
A - agreeableness
N - neuroticism

104
Q

HEXACO

A

H - Honesty-humility
E - Emotionality
X - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
C - Conscientiousness
O - Openness

105
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

Scored on 10 scales

106
Q

Rorschach Inkblot test

A

Individual interprets a series of symmetrical inkblot cards

107
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

individual tells a story about 8-12 ambiguous cards, giving insight into social world

108
Q

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

A

Complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible

Psychology (1 decks)

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