Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology exam 2 > psychology exam 2 > Flashcards

psychology exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is a psychological disorder

A

psychological dysfunction indicated by a set of abnormal behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the medical model of abnormality/disordered psychological behavior?

A

Medical model of psychopathology is the idea that psychopathology is a disease like any other that can be treated and cured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Rosenhan (1973) find about being labeled with a disorder?

A

“normal” can be viewed as “abnormal” under the right circumstances; you interpret everything to confirm what you already believe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the DSM

A

standardized, reliable, and validated tool for diagnosing psychological disorders; diagnoses based on objective questions about observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how was the DSM created

A

The DSM was created when a group of psychologists got together and decided which disorders existed based on their practices and observations and determined the symptoms; they shared ideas about the symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what version of the DSM are we currently using and how many disorders are in it

A

DSM 5; 20 classes of disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a major change of the DSM 5

A

intro to neurodevelopment disorders that emphasize neurobiological bases of autism spectrum and ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many disorders are in DSM 1

A

106

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many disorders are in DSM 2

A

182

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many disorders in DSM 3 and DSM 3R

A

265, 292

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many disorders in DSM 4 and 4-TR

A

297

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the biological approach to what causes disordered behavior

A

the genes you inherit from your biological parents predispose, or even destines you to some psychopathologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are treatments to disordered behavior in regard to genes

A

“knock-out” procedures; limited to disorders with minimal/identifiable genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the structure of the brain

A

if you see over or under activity in one part of the brain, then you can surgically stimulate that part; can surgically alter different parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is in the cell body

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what speeds up the action potential

A

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored

A

vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do psychological disorders relate to neurotransmitters

A

under/over activity of specific neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does does serotonin levels deal with

A

happiness/depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens when there is a dopamine imbalance

A

schizophrenia- parkinsons, repetitive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is acetylcholine deal with

A

memory and muscle function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does epinephrine/norepinephorine deal with

A

fight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do GABA receptors do

A

inhibitory; when it fires, it tells the next neuron whether or not to fire - helps with anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is an agonist

A

encourages the neurotransmitter activity/production; increase the amount of neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is an antagonist

A

discourage neurotransmitter activity/production; decreases the amount of neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the criticisms of agonist and antagonists

A

patients don’t learn coping skills, serious side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the psychoanalytic approach to what causes disordered behavior

A

psychopathology is a result of unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego; failure to resolve psychosexual stages successfully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the goal of the psychoanalytic perspective

A

develop insight into subconscious processes causing disordered behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the therapy associated with the psychoanalytic perspective.

A

free association: free expression of everything that comes to mind
remember: no coincidental links between thoughts- a sign to unconscious
dream analysis: manifest content, latent content
hypnosis
inkblots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is manifest content

A

what the dream appears to be about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is latent content

A

what freud says the dream is unconsciously about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is resistance in regards to psychoanalytic perspective

A

disordered behavior is due to defense mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is transference in regards to psychoanalytical perspective

A

projecting significant feelings onto the therapist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the criticisms with the psychoanalytic perspective

A

time-consuming, expensive, underlying processes not supported by science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the setbacks that can occur in psychoanalytic therapy?

A

resistance and transference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the humanistic approach to what causes disordered behavior

A

incongruence between self and actual self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the therapy associated with the humanistic approach

A

person-centered approach: emphasis on personal/client understanding of self/problems; empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

goal of humanistic perspective

A

true self actualization, self acceptance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the sociocultural model to what causes disordered behavior.

A

societal/cultural rules, norms, expectations can cause disordered behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does it mean that women are internalizing

A

they turn the negative effects of society inward and it causes depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does it mean when men are externalizing

A

they turn negative effects of society and their disorder outward- conduct disorder or substance abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what type of people are more likely to get schizophrenia according to the sociocultural perspective

A

low SES, poor people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is taijin kyofusho in Japans sociocultural perspective

A

In Japan, people face the pathological fear of offending others so they do not leave their homes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how does the sociocultural perspective relate to south korea

A

they have internet addictions and if their sims baby dies, often does their real baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the family systems model to what causes disordered behavior

A

role of disordered family dynamics in contributing to disordered behaviors; focus on couple/family units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what therapy is associated with family systems

A

therapist observes and provides unique insight to family interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the cognitive-behavioral model to what causes disordered behavior

A

Cognitive distortions contribute to psychological dysfunction; Psychological dysfunction can be learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cognitive therapies

A

treatments designed to remove irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the goals of cognitive-behavioral

A

Identify and change automatic, negatively distorted thoughts that the patient has; Learn new desirable, appropriate skills and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the strengths of cognitive behavioral therapy

A

–Shorter course of treatment than psychoanalysis
–Teaches new methods for clients to sustain results on their own
–Empirically supported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the weaknesses of cognitive behavioral therapy

A

–Not for people who have severe mental problems or limitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is group therapy?

A

People with similar disorders or similar social/situational pressures are treated simultaneously in the same setting

53
Q

What is achieved in group therapy?

A
  • Provides social support

* Provides opportunity to learn from other

54
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

Disorders characterized by excessive apprehension and worry

55
Q

how much of the population has anxiety disorders

A

25%

56
Q

Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

A

Excessive worrying that can’t be attributed to any single source and lasts for at least 6 months; experience symptoms for at least six months and are so severe that they can be considered maladaptive

57
Q

what sex is GAD most commonly found in

A

women

58
Q

what is the therapy for GAD

A

Therapy (Individual or Group)
•Address faulty cognitions, discuss stress
•Learn adaptive ways to navigate through life, handle stress

59
Q

what medications can you take for GAD

A

Xanax, ativan, lorazepam- GABA agonists, SSRIs

60
Q

Describe panic disorder

A

–Sudden attack of fear that is unprovoked by specific threat

–Heart palpitations –Sweating –Chest pain/discomfort –Shortness of breath –Dizziness –Sensation of going crazy or dying

61
Q

when do panic attacks occur

A

Attacks are recurrent (not single events), unpredictable, followed by psychological or behavioral problems.

62
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

sometimes accompanies panic disorder; Fear of being in public due to anticipation of a panic attack

63
Q

what are treatments to panic disorder

A

–Antidepressants (Imipramine – NE, 5-HTP, DA)
–Cognitive restructuring to react differently to panic attacks
–Describe fears related to panic attacks, describe reality of fears
–Extinguish response to shortness of breath

64
Q

what are specific/simple phobias

A

intense, irrational fear of specific things/ events

65
Q

what happens as a result of specific phobias

A

increased ANS activity (fight or flight); heart rate, sweating, pupils dilate; avoidance of stimuli

66
Q

what happened in the little albert experiment

A

conditioned albert to be afraid of white, furry objects and they wanted to try and reverse the fear but his mom said no

67
Q

what are the treatments of specific phobias

A

–Systematic desensitization – pair feared stimulus repeatedly with not feeling fear.
–Anxiety hierarchy is established
–Deep relaxation
–Work through the anxiety hierarchy

68
Q

what is systematic desensitization

A

pair feared stimulus repeatedly with not feeling fear.

69
Q

Describe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

A

obsessions cause anxiety and compulsions relieve those anxieties; may be due to operant conditioning

70
Q

what are obsessions

A

persistent, uncontrollable thoughts like doubts, fears, and images

71
Q

what are compulsions

A

need to perform one or more actions repeatedly; often related to an obsession

72
Q

how is OCD treated

A
  • Medication: SSRIs
  • Reason through the obsessions
  • Extinguish learned behaviors (touch money, don’t was hands)
  • Counter condition: learn relaxation techniques
73
Q

what is body dysmorphic disorder

A

a type of OCD where obsessions about body are exaggerated in mind

74
Q

what is trichotillomania

A

type of OCD that leads to embarrassment; pull out hair on head, eyebrows, and eyelashes

75
Q

what is hoarding

A

a type of OCD where you collect things and have trouble parting from random junk

76
Q

what is excoriation

A

a type of OCD where you pick your skin

77
Q

Describe major depressive disorder

A

must have EITHER: depressed mood most of the day, everyday or markedly diminished pleasure in all/most activities most of the day, nearly everyday FOR AT LEAST 2 WEEKS

78
Q

what are the symptoms of MDD

A

you must have 4 of the following:

  • change in more than 5% body weight
  • sleep disturbance, insomnia or hypersomnia
  • psychomotor agitation: restlessness or motor retardation
  • fatigue or loss of energy
  • feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness
  • recurrent thoughts of death
79
Q

Describe persistent depressive disorder?

A

formerly dysthymia; Depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years

80
Q

what are the symptoms of PDD

A

must have 2; cannot be symptom free for 2 consecutive months
–Appetite change –Insomnia or hypersomnia –Fatigue –Low self-esteem –Difficulty concentrating –Feeling of hopelessness

81
Q

How are depressive disorders treated?

A

Psychopharmaceuticals
–SSRIs – specific to serotonin
–MAO inhibitors – decrease MAO
–Tricyclics – increase NE, 5-HT, DA

82
Q

what are the side effects for depressive disorder treatments

A

don’t work for everyone; at least 2 weeks to be effective; nervousness, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain

83
Q

what are depressive disorders comorbid with

A

anxiety disorders

84
Q

Describe bipolar disorders.

A

Bipolar Disorders – formerly a Mood Disorder
–“Manic depressive”
–Mood shifts between depression and mania
–Much less prevalent than Depressive Disorders (4% lifetime prevalence)
–Evenly found between women and men
–Bipolar I, II, and Cyclothymic Disorders

85
Q

what are the symptoms of bipolar disorder in the manic state

A

–Elevated mood –Grandiosity –Diminished need for sleep –Racing thoughts –Creativity –Initiate many projects –Engaging in pleasurable activities (e.g., shopping,
sex)- –Distractibility –Irritability –Pressured, rapid speech –Irritation/anger when thwarted –Pleasurable activities can have potential for
negative consequences (e.g., overspending, gambling, indiscriminate sex)

86
Q

what does bipolar 1 consist of

A

mania and major depression

87
Q

what does bipolar 2 consist of

A

hypomania and major depression

88
Q

what is Cyclothymia

A

form of bipolar with hypomania and depressive symptoms not at severe as MDD

89
Q

how does the bipolar cycle work

A

cycle through the depressive episodes (at least 2 weeks) and manic episodes (at least 1 week) and can be separated by lengthy periods of time

90
Q

what causes bipolar disorder

A

primary biologically based
-MZ concordance is 70%
-DZ concordance is <10%
dysfunctional neurotransmitter activity

91
Q

what are the treatments for mania in bipolar disorder

A

lithium chloride- may stabilize NE and 5-HT activity

side effects: weight gain, loss of mania

92
Q

what are the treatments for depression in bipolar disorder

A

antidepressants- SSRI

93
Q

What is dissociative disorder

A

Significant memory loss of events, people, identities.

94
Q

what is dissociative amnesia

A

Memory loss of identity

95
Q

what is dissociative fugue

A

travel to different location

96
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

A

Patient alternates among 2+ identities/personalities–aka Multiple Personality Disorder

97
Q

what do DID report that they lose

A

time

98
Q

What is somatic symptom disorder?

A

One or more somatic symptoms – medically explained or not – that are distressing or interferes with daily life; symptoms are not faked for attention; chronic concern about health

99
Q

how would you treat somatic symptom disorder

A

Treatment: cognitive behavioral therapy, talk about the reality of medical symptoms, talk about how realistic their concerns are about their medical disorder

100
Q

what is conversion disorder

A

Impairment that cannot be medically explained; blindness, hand is numb

101
Q

what is the treatment for conversion disorder

A

psychoanalytic approach; achieve insight into what was really bothering them to make their symptoms go away… talked about feeling that was converting into blindness

102
Q

what are the positive symptoms to schizophrenia

A
  • Presence of abnormal symptoms ——Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Disorganized behavior
  • Disorganized speech
  • Referential thinking Catatonia
103
Q

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A 
Absence of normal behaviors 
Social withdrawal
Disinterest
Decreased speech
Restricted/Flat affect
104
Q

what is schizophrenia

A

Psychotic disorder, Means “split mind,” but not DID; Fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotions, or behaviors

105
Q

how much of the population does schizophrenia affect

A

1-2%; mostly men and early onset

106
Q

What are delusions?

A

pervasive false beliefs- persecution and grandeur

107
Q

what is persecution in regards to delusions

A

you believe people are out to get you

108
Q

what is grandeur in regards to delusions

A

you believe you are better than everyone else

109
Q

what are the treatments for schizophrenia

A

biological approaches, dopamine antagonists like antipsychotics work on positive symptoms, second generation drugs, Psychopharmaceuticals work for negative symptoms, and family therapy

110
Q

what are the side effects of antipsychotics

A

Can lead to permanent psychomotor disturbances (e.g., tardive dyskinesia)

111
Q

what is bulimia nervosa

A

recurrent episodes on binge eating (eating more than most people in 2 hours and lack of control during that episode), recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (vomit, laxatives), occurs at least once a week for 3 months

112
Q

symptoms of bulimia nervosa

A

•Face can look chubby/swollen due to vomiting •Dental enamel erodes away •Electrolyte imbalance •Organ damage •Depressive symptoms, e.g., depressed mood,
irritability, insomnia •Comorbid with anxiety disorders

113
Q

how is bulimia treated

A

–Educating patient about medical consequences of binge eating, purging, and dieting
–Meals are strict and scheduled frequently
–Cognitions about shape, weight, and eating are targeted
–Strategies to resist bingeing are learned
–Other psychotherapies can also work, slowly
–Family therapy

114
Q

what is anorexia nervosa

A

•Persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
–Restricting type: dieting, fasting, exercise
–Binge-eating/purging type: recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging (e.g., self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas)

115
Q

symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A

•In women, amenorrhea •Low bone density •Organ damage •Obsessive-compulsive symptoms
–Preoccupied with food, food preparation, recipes
–Rituals regarding eating, hoarding
•Depressive symptoms, e.g., depressed mood, irritability, insomnia

116
Q

how is anorexia treated

A

–Behaviorist approach: patients gain privileges for gaining weight; privileges taken away for losing weight
–CBT – address the faulty cognitions regarding relying on weight/shape as source of self-esteem
–Family Therapy
•Meals are structured and reinforcing
•Attitudes toward body shape/weight discussed

117
Q

what is the primary goal of anorexia treatment

A

regain weight

118
Q

What role do token economies play in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?

A

when being treated in a hospital, one is rewarded for eating with things that wouldn’t be useful in the real world but have value in a controlled setting

119
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

Chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning

120
Q

What are the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder?

A
  • Excessive concern with feelings of abandonment
  • Suicidal behavior, threats •Self-mutilating behaviors •Marked affective instability •Inappropriate and intense anger •Chronic feelings of emptiness •More common among women than men
121
Q

what is borderline personality disorder

A

instability of interpersonal relationships; have trouble integrating the good and bad in people

122
Q

What are the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

•Disregard for rights of others •Violating rights of others •Failure to obey laws •Lying •Impulsivity •Aggressiveness •Disregard for safety of self or others •Consistent irresponsibility •Lack of remorse

123
Q

what is narcissistic personality disorder

A

a personality disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of entitlement, which leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention

124
Q

What are antispsychotics?

A

medications that reduce positive symptoms in schizophrenia

125
Q

what are anti anxiety drugs

A

medications that reduce tension and anxiety

126
Q

What are antidepressant drugs?

A

medications that modulate the availability or effectiveness of the neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders

127
Q

what are hallucinations associated with

A

your senses, most common are auditory hallucinations and then visual

128
Q

what is comorbidity

A

presence of more than one diagnosis occurring in an individual at the same time

129
Q

What requirements must be met in order for a behavior to be categorized as “abnormal”?

A 
statistically abnormal (not common)
Culturally abnormal (weird and concerning)
personally distressing (does it bother you?)
maladaptive (harmful)

psychology exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions